Frederick R Carrick, DC, PhD, DACAN, DABCN, DACNB, DAAPM, FACCN

Professor of Neurology

Module one of the Diplomate in Neurology Program will be an interactive study of neuron theory as it applies to chiropractic practice. This module is a clinical module where the breadth of information common to all health care professionals will be used as a basis from which application based knowledge will be developed.

The following pages in Kandel , Schwartz and Jessell: IIIrd Edition : Principles of Neural Science are required reading in preparation for module 1.

Part I An Overall View

pp 2-16

Part II Cell and Molecular Biology of the Neuron

pp 34-120

Part III Elementary Interactions Between Neurons: Synaptic Transmission

pp 120-135

pp 153-225

pp 258-270

I have used the following studies in my preparation of the depth of information in my lecture for module 1. I will explore the concepts of immediate early gene responses to a variety of frequencies of integration. Specifically I will develop the concept of neuronal membrane and action potentiation in concert with fuel delivery. The disease forms of aberrations of these systems will be emphasized so that the participant will be able to associate application with the breadth and depth of the module.

 We will discuss synaptogenesis and the embryologic relationships of human kind to clinical applications. A comparative anatomical review will allow the participant to understand behaviour in their patients that is more basic to lower life forms. A basic review of biochemistry may be helpful in this module. Participants must bring diagnostic equipment to each module as this round of the program is a hands on application based learning module.

There will be hands on application utilizing live patients and patient scenario to enhance the ethnographic studies of the module.

 Neurophysiological summation and survivability will be contrasted to a variety of syndromes and disease states of humankind. The participant will be able to develop his/her art of application based upon a firm foundation in the basic clinical sciences.

 The references that I will use in my lectures will be posted 2 weeks before each module.

 Abete, P.; Ferrara, N.; Cioppa, A.; Ferrara, P.; Bianco, S.; Calabrese, C.; Napoli, C.; Rengo, F. The role of aging on the control of contractile force by Na(+)-Ca2+exchange in rat papillary muscle. J-Gerontol-A-Biol-Sci-Med-Sci. 1996 Sep; 51(5): M251-9; ISSN: 1079-5006.

Akopian, A. N.; Sivilotti, L.; Wood, J. N. A tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel expressed by sensory neurons. Nature. 1996 Jan 18; 379(6562): 257-62; ISSN: 0028-0836.

Bramham, C. R.; Southard, T.; Sarvey, J. M.; Herkenham, M.; Brady, L. S. Unilateral LTP triggers bilateral increases in hippocampal neurotrophin and trk receptor mRNA expression in behaving rats: evidence for interhemispheric communication. J-Comp-Neurol. 1996 May 6; 368(3): 371-82; ISSN: 0021-9967.

Burne, J. F.; Staple, J. K.; Raff, M. C. Glial cells are increased proportionally in transgenic optic nerves with increased numbers of axons. J-Neurosci. 1996 Mar 15; 16(6):2064-73; ISSN: 0270-6474.

Chay, T. R. Proarrhythmic and antiarrhythmic actions of ion channel blockers on arrhythmias in the heart: model study. Am-J-Physiol. 1996 Jul; 271(1 Pt 2): H329-56; ISSN:0002-9513.

Chen, Y.; Sun, X. D.; Herness, S. Characteristics of action potentials and their underlying outward currents in rat taste receptor cells. J-Neurophysiol. 1996 Feb; 75(2): 820-31; ISSN: 0022-3077.

Chen, E. Y.; Mufson, E. J.; Kordower, J. H. TRK and p75 neurotrophin receptor systems in the developing human brain. J-Comp-Neurol. 1996 Jun 10; 369(4): 591-618;ISSN: 0021-9967.

Clarkson, C. W.; Xu, Y. Q.; Chang, C.; Follmer, C. H. Analysis of the ionic basis for cocaine's biphasic effect on action potential duration in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. J-Mol-Cell-Cardiol. 1996 Apr; 28(4): 667-78; ISSN: 0022-2828.

Cowan, A. I.; Martin, R. L. Ionic basis of the membrane potential responses of rat dorsal vagal motoneurones to HEPES buffer. Brain-Res. 1996 Apr 22; 717(1-2):69-75;ISSN: 0006-8993.

Crozatier, B. Stretch-induced modifications of myocardial performance: from ventricular function to cellular and molecular mechanisms. Cardiovasc-Res. 1996 Jul; 32(1): 25-37; ISSN: 0008-6363.

Cullinan, W. E.; Helmreich, D. L.; Watson, S. J. Fos expression in forebrain afferents to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus following swim stress. J-Comp-Neurol. 1996 Apr 22; 368(1): 88-99; ISSN: 0021-9967.

Deal, K. K.; England, S. K.; Tamkun, M. M. Molecular physiology of cardiac potassium channels. Physiol-Rev. 1996 Jan; 76(1): 49-67; ISSN: 0031-9333. Mattson, M. P. Calcium and Free Radicals: Mediators of neurotrophic factor and excitatory transmitter-regulated developmental plasticity and cell death. Perspect-Dev-Neurobiol. 1996; 3(2): 79-91; ISSN: 1064-0517.

Fitts, R. H.; Balog, E. M. Effect of intracellular and extracellular ion changes on E-C coupling and skeletal muscle fatigue. Acta-Physiol-Scand. 1996 Mar; 156(3): 169-81; ISSN: 0001-6772.

Geschwind, M. D.; Hartnick, C. J.; Liu, W.; Amat, J.; Van, De Water TR; Federoff, H. J. Defective HSV-1 vector expressing BDNF in auditory ganglia elicits neurite outgrowth: model for treatment of neuron loss following cochlear degeneration. Hum-

Gene-Ther. 1996 Jan 20; 7(2): 173-82; ISSN: 1043-0342... 0; 0; 0; 0; 0.

Gidh Jain, M.; Huang, B.; Jain, P.; el Sherif, N. Differential expression of voltage-gated K+ channel genes in left ventricular remodeled myocardium after experimental myocardial infarction. Circ-Res. 1996 Oct; 79(4): 669-75; ISSN: 0009-7330.

Gutmann, L.; Gutmann, L. Axonal channelopathies: an evolving concept in the pathogenesis of peripheral nerve disorders. Neurology. 1996 Jul; 47(1): 18-21; ISSN: 0028-3878.

Houenou, L. J.; Blondet, B.; Li, L.; Murawsky, M.; Oppenheim, R. W.; Rieger, F. The paralyse mouse mutant: a new animal model of anterior horn motor neuron degeneration. J-Neuropathol-Exp-Neurol. 1996 Jun; 55(6): 698-703; ISSN: 0022-3069.

Hurd, D. D.; Stern, M.; Saxton, W. M. Mutation of the axonal transport motor kinesin enhances paralytic and suppresses Shaker in Drosophila. Genetics. 1996 Jan; 142(1): 195-204; ISSN: 0016-6731.

Iwamoto, T.; Watano, T.; Shigekawa, M. A novel isothiourea derivative selectively inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca2+ exchange in cells expressing NCX1. J-Biol-Chem. 1996 Sep 13; 271(37): 22391-7; ISSN: 0021-9258.

Janvier, N. C.; Boyett, M. R. The role of Na-Ca exchange current in the cardiac action potential. Cardiovasc-Res. 1996 Jul; 32(1): 69-84; ISSN: 0008-6363.

Kawamoto, S. Neuron-specific alternative splicing of nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain-B pre-mRNA requires a cis-acting intron sequence. J-Biol-Chem. 1996 Jul 26; 271(30): 17613-6; ISSN: 0021-9258.

Landfield, P. W. Aging-related increase in hippocampal calcium channels. Life-Sci. 1996;59(5-6): 399-404; ISSN: 0024-3205.

Lebovitz, R. M. Quantitative examination of dynamic interneuronal coupling via single-spike extracellular potassium ion transients. J-Theor-Biol. 1996 May 7; 180(1): 11-25; ISSN: 0022-5193.

Liston, P.; Roy, N.; Tamai, K.; Lefebvre, C.; Baird, S.; Cherton Horvat, G.; Farahani, R.; McLean, M.; Ikeda, J. E.; MacKenzie, A.; Korneluk, R. G. Suppression of apoptosis in mammalian cells by NAIP and a related family of IAP genes. Nature. 1996 Jan 25; 379(6563): 349-53; ISSN: 0028-0836.

Mathern, G. W.; Babb, T. L.; Mischel, P. S.; Vinters, H. V.; Pretorius, J. K.; Leite, J. P.; Peacock, W. J. Childhood generalized and mesial temporal epilepsies demonstrate different amounts and patterns of hippocampal neuron loss and mossy fibre synaptic reorganization. Brain. 1996 Jun; 119( Pt 3): 965-87; ISSN: 0006-8950.

McCool, B. A.; Pin, J. P.; Brust, P. F.; Harpold, M. M.; Lovinger, D. M. Functional coupling of rat group II metabotropic glutamate receptors to an omega-conotoxin GVIA-sensitive calcium channel in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Mol-Pharmacol. 1996 Oct; 50(4): 912-22; ISSN: 0026-895X.

Meng, I. D.; Bereiter, D. A. Differential distribution of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the spinal trigeminal nucleus after noxious and innocuous thermal and chemical stimulation of rat cornea. Neuroscience. 1996 May; 72(1): 243-54; ISSN: 0306-4522.

Nelson, C. S.; Marino, J. L.; Allen, C. N. Melatonin receptors activate heteromeric G-protein coupled Kir3 channels. Neuroreport. 1996 Feb 29; 7(3): 717-20; ISSN: 0959-4965.

Parmentier, M. L.; Pin, J. P.; Bockaert, J.; Grau, Y. Cloning and functional expression of a Drosophila metabotropic glutamate receptor expressed in the embryonic CNS. J-Neurosci. 1996 Nov 1; 16(21): 6687-94; ISSN: 0270-6474.

Patrick, CWJr; Kukreti, S.; McIntire, L. V. Quantitative effects of peripheral monocytes and nerve growth factor on CNS neural morphometric outgrowth parameters in vitro. Exp-Neurol. 1996 Apr; 138(2): 277-85; ISSN: 0014-4886.

Sivakumar, K.; Vasconcelos, O.; Goldfarb, L.; Dalakas, M. C. Late-onset muscle weakness in partial phosphofructokinase deficiency: a unique myopathy with vacuoles, abnormal mitochondria, and absence of the common exon 5/intron 5 junction point mutation. Neurology. 1996 May; 46(5): 1337-42; ISSN: 0028-3878.

Puro, D. G.; Yuan, J. P.; Sucher, N. J. Activation of NMDA receptor-channels in human retinal Muller glial cells inhibits inward-rectifying potassium currents. Vis-Neurosci. 1996 Mar; 13(2): 319-26; ISSN: 0952-5238.

Roden, D. M. Ionic mechanisms for prolongation of refractoriness and their proarrhythmic and antiarrhythmic correlates. Am-J-Cardiol. 1996 Aug 29; 78(4A): 12-6; ISSN:0002-9149.

Roden, D. M.; George, AL Jr. The cardiac ion channels: relevance to management of arrhythmias. Annu-Rev-Med. 1996; 47: 135-48; ISSN: 0066-4219.

Sah, P. Ca(2+)-activated K+ currents in neurones: types, physiological roles and modulation. Trends-Neurosci. 1996 Apr; 19(4): 150-4; ISSN: 0166-2236.

Schuligoi, R.; Herzeg, G.; Wachter, C.; Jocic, M.; Holzer, P. Differential expression of c-fos messenger RNA in the rat spinal cord after mucosal and serosal irritation of the stomach. Neuroscience. 1996 May; 72(2): 535-44; ISSN: 0306-4522.

Sereda, M.; Griffiths, I.; Puhlhofer, A.; Stewart, H.; Rossner, M. J.; Zimmerman, F.; Magyar, J. P.; Schneider, A.; Hund, E.; Meinck, H. M.; Suter, U.; Nave, K. A. A transgenic rat model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Neuron. 1996 May; 16(5): 1049-60; ISSN: 0896-6273.

Jacquin, M. F.; Renehan, W. E. Structure-function relationships in rat brainstem subnucleus interpolaris: XII. neonatal deafferentation effects on cell morphology. Somatosens-Mot-Res. 1995; 12(3-4): 209-33; ISSN: 0899-0220.

Shatz, C. J. Emergence of order in visual system development. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. 1996 Jan 23; 93(2): 602-8; ISSN: 0027-8424

Shefner, J. M.; Preston, D. C.; Logigian, E. L. Activity-dependent conduction in single motor units. Neurology. 1996 May; 46(5): 1387-90; ISSN: 0028-3878.

Sternini, C.; Spann, M.; Anton, B.; Keith, DE Jr; Bunnett, N. W.; von Zastrow, M.; Evans, C.; Brecha, N. C. Agonist-selective endocytosis of mu opioid receptor by neurons in vivo. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. 1996 Aug 20; 93(17): 9241-6; ISSN: 0027-

8424.

Taggart, M. J.; Burdyga, T.; Heaton, R.; Wray, S. Stimulus-dependent modulation of smooth muscle intracellular calcium and force by altered intracellular pH. Pflugers-Arch. 1996 Sep; 432(5): 803-11; ISSN: 0031-6768.

Tavi, P.; Laine, M.; Weckstrom, M. Effect of gadolinium on stretch-induced changes in contraction and intracellularly recorded action- and afterpotentials of rat isolated atrium. Br-J-Pharmacol. 1996 May; 118(2): 407-13; ISSN: 0007-1188.

Thuringer, D.; Deroubaix, E.; Coulombe, A.; Coraboeuf, E.; Mercadier, J. J. Ionic basis of the action potential prolongation in ventricular myocytes from Syrian hamsters with dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc-Res. 1996 May; 31(5): 747-57; ISSN: 0008-6363.

Tsui, C. C.; Copeland, N. G.; Gilbert, D. J.; Jenkins, N. A.; Barnes, C.; Worley, P. F. Narp, a novel member of the pentraxin family, promotes neurite outgrowth and is dynamically regulated by neuronal activity. J-Neurosci. 1996 Apr 15; 16(8): 2463-

78; ISSN: 0270-6474.

Turlejski, K. Evolutionary ancient roles of serotonin: long-lasting regulation of activity and development. Acta-Neurobiol-Exp-Warsz. 1996; 56(2): 619-36; ISSN: 0065-1400.

Vargo, J. M.; Marshall, J. F. Unilateral frontal cortex ablation producing neglect causes time-dependent changes in striatal glutamate receptors. Behav-Brain-Res. 1996 May; 77(1-2): 189-99; ISSN: 0166-4328.

Vechio, J. D.; Bruijn, L. I.; Xu, Z.; Brown, RH Jr; Cleveland, D. W. Sequence variants in human neurofilament proteins: absence of linkage to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann-Neurol. 1996 Oct; 40(4): 603-10; ISSN: 0364-5134.

von Bartheld, C. S.; Byers, M. R.; Williams, R.; Bothwell, M. Anterograde transport of neurotrophins and axodendritic transfer in the developing visual system. Nature. 1996 Feb 29; 379(6568): 830-3; ISSN: 0028-0836.

Walsh, K. B.; Wilson, S. P.; Long, K. J.; Lemon, S. C. Stimulatory regulation of the large-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channel by G proteins in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Mol-Pharmacol. 1996 Feb; 49(2): 379-86; ISSN: 0026-895X.

Watanabe, Y.; Johnson, R. S.; Butler, L. S.; Binder, D. K.; Spiegelman, B. M.; Papaioannou, V. E.; McNamara, J. O. Null mutation of c-fos impairs structural and functional plasticities in the kindling model of epilepsy. J-Neurosci. 1996 Jun 15; 16(12): 3827-36; ISSN: 0270-6474.

Wetzel, G. T.; Klitzner, T. S. Developmental cardiac electrophysiology recent advances in cellular physiology. Cardiovasc-Res. 1996 Feb; 31 Spec No: E52-60; ISSN: 0008-6363.

Wiesner, D. A.; Dawson, G. Programmed cell death in neurotumour cells involves the generation of ceramide. Glycoconj-J. 1996 Apr; 13(2): 327-33; ISSN: 0282-0080.

Wolf, H. K.; Buslei, R.; Schmidt Kastner, R.; Schmidt Kastner, P. K.; Pietsch, T.; Wiestler, O. D.; Bluhmke, I. NeuN: a useful neuronal marker for diagnostic histopathology. J-Histochem-Cytochem. 1996 Oct; 44(10): 1167-71; ISSN: 0022-1554.

Yan, H. Q.; Mazow, M. L.; Dafny, N. Visual deprivation at the critical period modulates photic evoked responses. Int-J-Neurosci. 1995 Dec; 83(3-4): 241-52; ISSN: 0020-7454.

Yang, Q.; Wang, S.; Hamberger, A.; Haglid, K. G. Plasticity of granule cell-mossy fiber system following kainic acid induced seizures: an immunocytochemical study on neurofilament proteins. Neurosci-Res. 1996 Sep; 26(1): 57-64; ISSN: 0168-0102.

Yoshimura, H.; Kato, N. Attenuation of Mg2(+)-block of synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the visual cortex of rats raised under optic nerve blockade. Brain-Res. 1996 Sep 9; 733(1): 108-12; ISSN: 0006-8993.

Zabel, M.; Koller, B. S.; Sachs, F.; Franz, M. R. Stretch-induced voltage changes in the isolated beating heart: importance of the timing of stretch and implications for stretch-activated ion channels. Cardiovasc-Res. 1996 Jul; 32(1): 120-30; ISSN:

0008-6363.

Zefirov, A. L.; Gafurov, B. S. h. [Kinetics of nerve ending ion currents with nonhomogeneous distribution of ion channel density]. Issledovanie kinetiki ionnykh tokov nervnogo okanchaniia pri neodnorodnom raspredelenii plotnostei ionnykh kanalov. Biofizika.

1996 Mar; 41(2): 384-92; ISSN: 0006-3029.

Zhang, K. Z.; Westberg, J. A.; Holtta, E.; Andersson, L. C. BCL2 regulates neural differentiation. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. 1996 Apr 30; 93(9): 4504-8; ISSN: 0027-8424.

Zhvaniya, M. G.; Kostenko, N. A. Structure of the motor cortex of the brain of the hypokinesic rat. Neurosci-Behav-Physiol. 1996 May; 26(3): 237-40; ISSN: 0097-0549.

Zurn, A. D.; Winkel, L.; Menoud, A.; Djabali, K.; Aebischer, P. Combined effects of GDNF,BDNF, and CNTF on motoneuron differentiation in vitro. J-Neurosci-Res. 1996 Apr 15; 44(2): 133-41; ISSN: 0360-4012.

Bohlega, S.; Tanji, K.; Santorelli, F. M.; Hirano, M.; al Jishi, A.; DiMauro, S. Multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions associated with autosomal recessive ophthalmoplegia and severe cardiomyopathy. Neurology. 1996 May; 46(5): 1329-34; ISSN: 0028-

3878.

Borgstahl, G. E.; Parge, H. E.; Hickey, M. J.; Johnson, M. J.; Boissinot, M.; Hallewell, R. A.; Lepock, J. R.; Cabelli, D. E.; Tainer, J. A. Human mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphic variant Ile58Thr reduces activity by

destabilizing the tetrameric interface. Biochemistry. 1996 Apr 9; 35(14): 4287-97; ISSN: 0006-2960.

Rhoades, R. W.; Crissman, R. S.; Bennett Clarke, C. A.; Killackey, H. P.; Chiaia, N. L. Development and plasticity of local intracortical projections within the vibrissae representation of the rat primary somatosensory cortex. J-Comp-Neurol. 1996 Jul

8; 370(4): 524-35; ISSN: 0021-9967.

Britton, R. S. Metal-induced hepatotoxicity. Semin-Liver-Dis. 1996 Feb; 16(1): 3-12; ISSN: 0272-8087.

Cashman, R. E.; Casper, G. D.; Brumback, R. A. Adult-onset mitochondrial myopathy coexistent with lumbar disc disease. A case report. J-Bone-Joint-Surg-Am. 1996 May; 78(5): 767-71; ISSN: 0021-9355.

Cohn, J. A.; Tsai, L.; Friguet, B.; Szweda, L. I. Chemical characterization of a protein-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal cross-link: immunochemical detection in mitochondria exposed to oxidative stress. Arch-Biochem-Biophys. 1996 Apr 1; 328(1): 158-64; ISSN: 0003-9861.

De Stefano, N.; Argov, Z.; Matthews, P. M.; Karpati, G.; Arnold, D. L. Impairment of muscle mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in McArdles's disease. Muscle-Nerve. 1996 Jun; 19(6): 764-9; ISSN: 0148-639X.

Gilchrist, J. M.; Sikirica, M.; Stopa, E.; Shanske, S. Adult-onset MELAS. Evidence for involvement of neurons as well as cerebral vasculature in strokelike episodes. Stroke. 1996 Aug; 27(8): 1420-3; ISSN: 0039-2499.

Ikonomidou, C.; Qin, Qin Y.; Labruyere, J.; Olney, J. W. Motor neuron degeneration induced by excitotoxin agonists has features in common with those seen in the SOD-1 transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J-Neuropathol-Exp-Neurol. 1996 Feb; 55(2): 211-24; ISSN: 0022-3069.

Kiechle, F. L.; Kaul, K. L.; Farkas, D. H. Mitochondrial disorders. Methods and specimen selection for diagnostic molecular pathology. Arch-Pathol-Lab-Med. 1996 Jun; 120(6): 597-603; ISSN: 0003-9985.

Kimmel, P. L.; Phillips, T. M.; Lew, S. Q.; Langman, C. B. Zinc modulates mononuclear cellular calcitriol metabolism in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney-Int. 1996 May; 49(5): 1407-12; ISSN: 0085-2538.

Kosel, S.; Lucking, C. B.; Egensperger, R.; Mehraein, P.; Graeber, M. B. Mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase and CYP2D6 genotypes in Lewy-body parkinsonism. J-Neurosci-Res. 1996 Apr 15; 44(2): 174-83; ISSN: 0360-4012.

Vidal, P. P.; Babalian, A.; de Waele, C.; Serafin, M.; Vibert, N.; Muhlethaler, M. NMDA receptors of the vestibular nuclei neurones. Brain-Res-Bull. 1996; 40(5-6): 347-52; ISSN: 0361-9230.

Lloreta, J.; Orozco, M.; Gea, J.; Corominas, J. M.; Serrano, S. Selective diaphragmatic mitochondrial abnormalities in a patient with marked air flow obstruction. Ultrastruct-Pathol. 1996 Jan; 20(1): 67-71; ISSN: 0191-3123.

Love, S.; Hilton, D. A. Assessment of the distribution of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA in melas and in thrombotic cerebral infarcts by in situ hybridization. J-Pathol. 1996 Feb; 178(2): 182-9; ISSN: 0022-3417.

Majander, A.; Finel, M.; Savontaus, M. L.; Nikoskelainen, E.; Wikstrom, M. Catalytic activity of complex I in cell lines that possess replacement mutations in the ND genes in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Eur-J-Biochem. 1996 Jul 1; 239(1):

201-7; ISSN: 0014-2956.

Mallard, K.; Jones, D. B.; Richmond, J.; McGill, M.; Foulis, A. K. Expression of the human heat shock protein 60 in thyroid, pancreatic, hepatic and adrenal autoimmunity. J-Autoimmun. 1996 Feb; 9(1): 89-96; ISSN: 0896-8411.

Pizzorusso, T.; Maffei, L. Plasticity in the developing visual system. Curr-Opin-Neurol. 1996 Apr; 9(2): 122-5; ISSN: 1350-7540.

Martin, M. A.; Molina, J. A.; Jimenez Jimenez, F. J.; Benito Leon, J.; Orti Pareja, M.; Campos, Y.; Arenas, J. Respiratory-chain enzyme activities in isolated mitochondria of lymphocytes from untreated Parkinson's disease patients. Grupo-Centro de Trastornos del Movimiento. Neurology. 1996 May; 46(5): 1343-6; ISSN: 0028-3878.

Matsuishi, T.; Sakai, T.; Naito, E.; Nagamitsu, S.; Kuroda, Y.; Iwashita, H.; Kato, H. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid lactate/pyruvate ratio in Machado-Joseph disease. Acta-Neurol-Scand. 1996 Jan; 93(1): 72-5; ISSN: 0001-6314.

McArdle, A.; McArdle, F.; Jackson, M. J.; Page, S. F.; Fahal, I.; Edwards, R. H. Investigation by polymerase chain reaction of enteroviral infection in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin-Sci-Colch. 1996 Apr; 90(4): 295-300; ISSN: 0143-5221.

Melberg, A.; Lundberg, P. O.; Henriksson, K. G.; Olsson, Y.; Stalberg, E. Muscle-nerve involvement in autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia with hypogonadism. Muscle-Nerve. 1996 Jun; 19(6): 751-7; ISSN: 0148-639X.

Merril, C. R.; Zullo, S.; Ghanbari, H.; Herman, M. M.; Kleinman, J. E.; Bigelow, L. B.; Bartko, J. J.; Sabourin, D. J. Possible relationship between conditions associated with chronic hypoxia and brain mitochondrial DNA deletions. Arch-Biochem-

Biophys. 1996 Feb 1; 326(1): 172-7; ISSN: 0003-9861.

Mierzewska, H. [Mitochondrial diseases. Part II -- diagnosis and detailed review]. Choroby mitochondrialne. Czesc II -- Diagnostyka oraz czesc szczegolowa. Neurol-Neurochir-Pol. 1996 Mar; 30(2): 279-92; ISSN: 0028-3843.

Mourelatos, Z.; Gonatas, N. K.; Stieber, A.; Gurney, M. E.; Dal Canto, M. C. The Golgi apparatus of spinal cord motor neurons in transgenic mice expressing mutant Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase becomes fragmented in early, preclinical stages of the disease. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. 1996 May 28; 93(11): 5472-7; ISSN: 0027-8424.

Nada, M. A.; Vianey Saban, C.; Roe, C. R.; Ding, J. H.; Mathieu, M.; Wappner, R. S.; Bialer, M. G.; McGlynn, J. A.; Mandon, G. Prenatal diagnosis of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defects. Prenat-Diagn. 1996 Feb; 16(2): 117-24; ISSN: 0197-3851.

Pitkanen, S.; Robinson, B. H. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency leads to increased production of superoxide radicals and induction of superoxide dismutase. J-Clin-Invest. 1996 Jul 15; 98(2): 345-51; ISSN: 0021-9738.

Santorelli, F. M.; Mak, S. C.; Vazquez Memije, E.; Shanske, S.; Kranz Eble, P.; Jain, K. D.; Bluestone, D. L.; De Vivo, D. C.; DiMauro, S. Clinical heterogeneity associated with the mitochondrial DNA T8993C point mutation. Pediatr-Res. 1996 May;

39(5): 914-7; ISSN: 0031-3998.

Stefani, A.; Pisani, A.; Mercuri, N. B.; Calabresi, P. The modulation of calcium currents by the activation of mGluRs. Functional implications. Mol-Neurobiol. 1996 Aug; 13(1): 81-95; ISSN: 0893-7648.

Sasaki, S.; Iwata, M. Impairment of fast axonal transport in the proximal axons of anterior horn neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 1996 Aug; 47(2): 535-40; ISSN: 0028-3878.

Schaefer, J.; Jackson, S.; Dick, D. J.; Turnbull, D. M. Trifunctional enzyme deficiency: adult presentation of a usually fatal beta-oxidation defect. Ann-Neurol. 1996 Oct; 40(4): 597-602; ISSN: 0364-5134.

Shimoda Matsubayashi, S.; Matsumine, H.; Kobayashi, T.; Nakagawa Hattori, Y.; Shimizu, Y.; Mizuno, Y. Structural dimorphism in the mitochondrial targeting sequence in the human manganese superoxide dismutase gene. A predictive evidence for conformational change to influence mitochondrial transport and a study of allelic association in Parkinson's disease. Biochem-Biophys-Res-Commun. 1996 Sep 13; 226(2): 561-5; ISSN: 0006-291X.

Shishido, F.; Uemura, K.; Inugami, A.; Tomura, N.; Higano, S.; Fujita, H.; Sasaki, H.; Kanno, I.; Murakami, M.; Watahiki, Y.; Nagata, K. Cerebral oxygen and glucose metabolism and blood flow in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy: a PET study.

Neuroradiology. 1996 Feb; 38(2): 102-7; ISSN: 0028-3940.

Simonian, N. A.; Coyle, J. T. Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Annu-Rev-Pharmacol-Toxicol. 1996; 36: 83-106; ISSN: 0362-1642.

Singh, P. J.; Santella, R. N.; Zawada, E. T. Mitochondrial genome mutations and kidney disease. Am-J-Kidney-Dis. 1996 Jul; 28(1): 140-6; ISSN: 0272-6386.

Smith, C. V.; Jones, D. P.; Guenthner, T. M.; Lash, L. H.; Lauterburg, B. H. Compartmentation of glutathione: implications for the study of toxicity and disease. Toxicol-Appl-Pharmacol. 1996 Sep; 140(1): 1-12; ISSN: 0041-008X.

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