Module 4
Autonomic Nervous System: Clinical Implications and Non Pharmaceutical Applications.
Neurology Diplomate Program Module 4-Autonomic Nervous System Reading and Reference
List for the lecture by Professor Frederick Robert Carrick on the Autonomic Nervous
System: Clinical Implications and Non Pharmaceutical Applications.
Recommended Reading:
Principles of Neural Science, Third Edition: Kandel, Schwartz and Jessell
Pgs. 761-775
The following references were utilized by Professor Carrick in his preparation of his clinical
lecture on the Autonomic Nervous System
Bibliography
1. Albers, K. M.; Perrone, T. N.; Goodness, T. P.; Jones, M. E.; Green, M. A.; Davis, B. M. Cutaneous overexpression of NT-3 increases sensory and sympathetic neuron number and enhances touch dome and hair follicle innervation. J-Cell-Biol. 1996 Jul; 134(2): 487-97; ISSN: 0021-9525.
UNITED-STATES. Target-derived influences of nerve growth factor on neuronal survival and differentiation are well documented, though effects of other neurotrophins are less clear. To examine the influence of NT-3 neurotrophin overexpression in a target tissue of sensory and sympathetic neurons, transgenic mice were isolated that overexpress NT-3 in the epidermis. Overexpression of NT-3 led to a 42% increase in the number of dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons, a 70% increase in the number of trigeminal sensory neurons, and a 32% increase in sympathetic neurons. Elevated NT-3 also caused enlargement of touch dome mechanoreceptor units, sensory end organs innervated by slowly adapting type 1 (SA1) neurons. The enlarged touch dome units of the transgenics had an increased number of associated Merkel cells, cells at which SA1s terminate. An additional alteration of skin innervation in NT-3 transgenics was an increased density of myelinated circular endings associated with the piloneural complex. The enhancement of innervation to the skin was accompanied by a doubling in the number of sensory neurons expressing trkC. In addition, measures of nerve fibers in cross-sectional profiles of cutaneous saphenous nerves of transgenics showed a 60% increase in myelinated fibers. These results indicate that in vivo overexpression of NT-3 by the epidermis enhances the number of sensory and sympathetic neurons and the development of selected sensory endings of the skin.. EC 2.7.1.-; 0; 0; 0; 0; 144515-70-8.
2. Alvarez, E.; Ferrer, T.; Perez Conde, C.; Lopez Terradas, J. M.; Perez Jimenez, A.; Ramos, M. J. Evaluation of congenital dysautonomia other than Riley-Day syndrome. Neuropediatrics. 1996 Feb; 27(1): 26-31; ISSN: 0174-304X.
GERMANY. We report on four children, from different families, who suffer from a congenital autonomic disorder, presumably inherited. Three of them have a sensory neuropathy but do not fit any described hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. All four were examined along with some of their immediate family members. We assessed the cardiovagal, sympathetic adrenergic and sympathetic cholinergic functions with a battery of non-invasive tests. Results demonstrated that sudomotor and cardiovascular orthostatic regulation exhibited the greatest abnormalities, pointing to a predominant impairment of sympathetic components, both cholinergic and adrenergic. The overall examination showed a heterogeneous group of congenital dysautonomia, exclusive of Riley-Day or other recognized hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. We emphasize the importance of studying whole family groups to diagnose subclinical impairment and to provide correct genetic counselling.
3. Anand, A. Reflex stimulation of aortic chemoreceptors through the stellate ganglion during hypoxia and hypotension in cats. J-Physiol-Lond. 1996 Mar 15; 491( Pt 3): 853-8; ISSN: 0022-3751.
ENGLAND. 1. In cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone (35 mg kg-1), an investigation was made of the mechanisms underlying the enhancement of aortic chemoreceptor activity through the excitatory effect mediated by the sympathetic outflow to them during hypoxia and hypotension. 2. Removal of the right stellate ganglion significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the responses of the chemoreceptors to hypoxia and hypotension. Injection of a bolus of sodium pentobarbitone reduced the responses before, but not after, stellectomy. This indicated that the excitatory sympathetic influence on the chemoreceptors (attributed to glomeral vasoconstriction leading to reduction in blood flow) is exerted entirely through the right stellate ganglion. This excitatory effect was abolished after cutting the vagi and both carotid sinus nerves. 3. It is concluded that, in addition to the direct excitatory effect of hypoxia on aortic chemoreceptors, a reflex chemoreceptor excitatory component is mediated through the vagi, carotid sinus nerves and right stellate ganglion.. 0; 76-74-4.
4. Andrews, T. J.; Thrasivoulou, C.; Nesbit, W.; Cowen, T. Target-specific differences in the dendritic morphology and neuropeptide content of neurons in the rat SCG during development and aging. J-Comp-Neurol. 1996 Apr 22; 368(1): 33-44; ISSN: 0021-9967.
UNITED-STATES. Our purpose in this work was to investigate the role of target tissues in the regulation of dendritic morphology from sympathetic neurons during development and aging. Neurons were retrogradely labeled from three targets, the iris, the submandibular gland (SMG), and the middle cerebral artery (MCA). They were then fixed and intracellularly injected to demonstrate their dendritic arborizations. Dendritic geometry varied quantitatively in sympathetic neurons innervating different target tissues at all stages of development. Neurons innervating the iris had the largest cell bodies and most extensive dendritic arborizations, whereas the vasomotor neurons were the smallest. The number of primary dendrites, however, did not vary significantly between the different neuronal populations. The growth of dendritic arborizations during postnatal development and their atrophy in old age were not concordant in the different neuron populations we studied. Neurons innervating the MCA and the iris ceased dendritic growth early in postnatal development, whereas the dendritic complexity of neurons supplying the SMG increased well into adulthood. By contrast, dendritic atrophy was seen in aged MCA- and SMG-projecting neurons but not in those innervating the iris, suggesting, with other evidence, correlated and distinct patterns of growth and atrophy in axons and dendrites of mature sympathetic neurons projecting to different targets. Swollen dendrites and protuberances on cell soma were a prominent feature of aged neurons. In addition to the target-specific variation in neuronal morphology, we observed diversity in neurotransmitter phenotype. For example, neuropeptide Y was expressed in iridial but not SMG-projecting neurons. These results show a range of age- and target-specific differences in the dendritic morphology and neuropeptide content of sympathetic neurons that may be a result of differing trophic interactions with their target tissues.. EC 1.14.16.2; 0; 0.
5. Ayyagari, P. V.; Harrell, L. E.; Parsons, D. S.; Kolasa, K. Sympathetic sprouting reverses decreases in membrane-associated activity of protein kinase C following septohippocampal denervation of the rat hippocampus. Brain-Res. 1996 Feb 5; 708(1-2): 205-8; ISSN: 0006-8993.
NETHERLANDS. Hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth (HSI), a form of neuronal plasticity, is induced by medial septal lesions and consists of the sprouting of peripheral sympathetic fibers, arising from the superior cervical ganglion, into the dentate gyrus and CA3 region of the hippocampus. HSI has been previously shown to alter learned and spontaneous behaviors, phosphatidyl inositide hydrolysis, and the antagonist binding kinetics of both muscarinic cholinergic receptors and phorbol ester receptors. We now report that sympathetic sprouting reverses decreases in membrane-associated activity of protein kinase C (PKC) following septohippocampal denervation of the rat hippocampus. Further, no changes were found in alpha, beta or gamma PKC isoenzymes among experimental groups, suggesting that the group A PKC isoforms do not mediate the observed changes in activity and phorbol ester binding.. EC 2.7.1.-; 0.
6. Balzamo, E.; Joanny, P.; Steinberg, J. G.; Oliver, C.; Jammes, Y. Mechanical ventilation increases substance P concentration in the vagus, sympathetic, and phrenic nerves. Am-J-Respir-Crit-Care-Med. 1996 Jan; 153(1): 153-7; ISSN: 1073-449X.
UNITED-STATES. Substance P (SP), a neurotransmitter localized to primary sensory neurons, is found in the vagus nerve, nodose ganglion, sympathetic chain, and phrenic nerve in various animal species. However, the changes in endogeneous SP concentration under various circumstances that involve the participation of cardiorespiratory afferent nerves are still unexplored. In the present study, attention was focused on the variations in SP content measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in respiratory afferent nerves (vagus nerve, cervical sympathetic chain, phrenic nerve) and respiratory muscles (diaphragm, intercostal muscles) during positive inspiratory pressure (PIP) breathing alone or PIP with an expiratory threshold load (ETL) in rabbits. SP was found in all sampled structures in spontaneously breathing control animals, prevailing in the nodose ganglion. Left-versus right-sided differences were noticed in nerves. As compared with that in control animals, the SP concentration was markedly higher in vagal and sympathetic nervous structures during PIP or PIP with ETL, and also in the phrenic nerve during ETL breathing. The SP content did not vary in respiratory muscles. These observations suggest that two very common circumstances of mechanical ventilation are associated with an increased SP concentration in nervous structures participating in the control of breathing.. 33507-63-0.
7. Beard, J. P.; Wade, W. H.; Barber, D. B. Sacral insufficiency stress fracture as etiology of positional autonomic dysreflexia: case report. Paraplegia. 1996 Mar; 34(3): 173-5; ISSN: 0031-1758.
ENGLAND. The medical literature is replete with case reports of the syndrome known as autonomic dysreflexia. Although the majority of cases are known to be induced by either bladder or bowel distention. there does exist a small number of cases in which the inciting stimulus is more obscure. In such cases, a comprehensive medical evaluation is necessary to ensure proper identification of the source of irritation and the appropriate medical management of the patient. We present a patient with a heretofore unreported suspected etiology of autonomic dysreflexia, axial loading of a sacral stress fracture.
8. Bielarczyk, H.; Tian, X.; Suszkiw, J. B. Cholinergic denervation-like changes in rat hippocampus following developmental lead exposure. Brain-Res. 1996 Feb 5; 708(1-2): 108-15; ISSN: 0006-8993.
NETHERLANDS. We investigated the effects of developmental lead exposure from embryonic day 16 (E16) through postnatal day 28 (PN28), on cholinergic and catecholaminergic markers in the septohippocampal pathway in rats through fourth month of age. Lead exposure resulted in a persistent 30-40% reduction of [3H]hemicholinium-3 ([3H]HC-3) binding in the hippocampus through PN120, and 20-30% reduction of septal and hippocampal choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity which persisted through PN84 but returned to control levels in both septum and hippocampus at PN112. The muscarinic ligand [3H]quinuclidinyl benzylate ([3H]QNB) binding was reduced in the septum at PN28 but did not differ significantly from controls at PN56-PN112. Neither short- nor long-term effects of Pb exposure on [3H]QNB binding were seen in the hippocampus. Similar to the effects of fimbria-fornix transection, Pb exposure resulted in a long-term 50-90% increase of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) activity in the hippocampus, although neither treatment affected TH activity in the septum. The lead-induced increase in hippocampal TH was significantly attenuated by superior cervical ganglionectomy. It is concluded that the effects of perinatal lead exposure resemble in several respects those seen following surgical disruption of the septohippocampal pathway in adult animals. The denervation-like effects in the hippocampus may be an important factor in long-term learning and cognitive impairments following developmental exposure to low-levels of lead.. EC 1.14.16.2; EC 2.3.1.6; 0; 6581-06-2; 7439-92-1.
9. Bordet, R.; Benhadjali, J.; Destee, A.; Hurtevent, J. F.; Bourriez, J. L.; Guieu, J. D. Sympathetic skin response and R-R interval variability in multiple system atrophy and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Mov-Disord. 1996 May; 11(3): 268-72; ISSN: 0885-3185.
UNITED-STATES. We compared autonomic function in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) or with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) by measuring sympathetic skin response (SSR) and R-R interval variability (RRIV). SSR was investigated in 26 patients (13 with MSA and 13 patients with IPD). RRIV during deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver, and on standing was investigated in 20 patients (nine with MSA and 11 with IPD). MSA and IPD patients had similar age, illness duration, and therapy. Abnormal SSR was more frequent in MSA (69%) than in IPD (7.7%; x2, 10.4; p < 0.002). RRIV during deep breathing and the Valsalva maneuver was lower in MSA than in IPD (p = 0.02). RRIV during standing up was not significantly different in IPD and MSA. These differences between MSA and IPD may be due to more severe and widespread autonomic disturbance in MSA, related to more severe neuropathologic involvement of the autonomic nervous system. SSR and RRIV may aid in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism and help to exclude from clinical trials MSA patients clinically misdiagnosed as having IPD.
10. Borg, A. A. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. Disabil-Rehabil. 1996 Apr; 18(4): 174-80; ISSN: 0963-8288.
ENGLAND. The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome is a very common, poorly recognized syndrome which is associated with marked disability in some cases. The historical aspects, current ideas about the pathogenesis and pathophysiology, clinical features and staging are discussed. Early recognition and appropriate intervention are the cornerstone of successful treatment and are also discussed.
11. Bossut, D. F.; Shea, V. K.; Perl, E. R. Sympathectomy induces adrenergic excitability of cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors. J-Neurophysiol. 1996 Jan; 75(1): 514-7; ISSN: 0022-3077.
UNITED-STATES. 1. The effects of ipsilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglion on the subsequent responsiveness of C-fiber polymodal nociceptors (CPMs) of the ear to close-arterial injections of norepinephrine (NE) were evaluated in adult, anesthetized rabbits. 2. In normal unanesthetized rabbits, the two ears were usually at the same temperature. Immediately after the ganglionectomy, the ipsilateral ear was warmer; however, at the time of electrophysiological recordings (4-23 days) the majority of animals had the ipsilateral ear cooler by > or = 1 degree C, suggestive of denervation supersensitivity. 3. NE (50 ng) did not activate any CPMs (n = 28) from intact animals. 4. Seven of 22 CPMs recorded from sympathectomized ears were activated by NE (50 ng). The responses varied considerably but typically consisted of 2-4 impulses in the 60 s after the NE injection. In some instances, repetitive activity continued for many minutes. Such prolonged discharge differs from the adrenergic responses seen after partial nerve damage. 5. The induction of adrenergic excitability in CPMs by sympathectomy is suggested to be a counterpart to postsympathectomy neuralgia in human beings and a possible part of the mechanism leading to sympathetically related pain states.. 51-41-2.
12. Braune, S.; Auer, A.; Schulte Monting, J.; Schwerbrock, S.; Lucking, C. H. Cardiovascular parameters: sensitivity to detect autonomic dysfunction and influence of age and sex in normal subjects. Clin-Auton-Res. 1996 Feb; 6(1): 3-15; ISSN: 0959-9851.
ENGLAND. In 137 healthy volunteers between 18 and 85 years of age, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously with the Finapres device during active change of posture (ACP), i.e. standing upright, passive tilt (PT, i.e. head-up tilt), Valsalva manoeuvre (VM), deep breathing (DB), isometric muscle exercise (IME) and a mental arithmetic task (MA). Mean HR activation was attenuated with increasing age in all manoeuvres, but was unrelated to sex. In non-orthostatic challenge procedures like MA and IME mean BP increases were independent of age and sex, despite lower increases in HR in the elderly. This points to a preserved sympathetic efferent activity. Following a forced fall in BP during ACP, PT and VM, the initial responses and maintenance values of BP showed a significant age-related decrease. This finding was strongly related to lower BP values in males compared with females, which became more pronounced with increasing age. Further studies to investigate age-related changes in the activation of the various components of the cardiovascular regulation need to consider the mode of activation of the autonomic nervous system and sex as factors of influence. Normal ranges, and also some new points in time not previously measurable, were calculated for all standard autonomic tests based on the continuous measurement of BP and HR. The minimum length of time necessary to assess the cardiovascular responses during ACP and PT was found to be 60 s. The upper time limits for reaching maximum activation during IME and MA were 3.5 min and 1 min, respectively. Age had a relevant influence on the lower limits of normal of all HR parameters and of some BP measurements during PT, ACP and VM. Sex was found to have no relevant impact on normal ranges. Over 65 years of age the normal values for HR activation during VM and DB hardly exceeded baseline values. The possibility of increasing the sensitivity of detection of autonomic dysfunction by measuring BP continuously must be approached with caution, as sufficient sensitivity was only reached at the lower limits of normal during late phase II of the VM. The initial increase of HR after ACP and the BP values after 60 s standing time proved to be the parameters with the best sensitivity for detecting an affection of the regulation of HR and BP over the whole range of age.
13. Camargos, E. R.; Haertel, L. R.; Machado, C. R. Preganglionic fibres of the adrenal medulla and cervical sympathetic ganglia: differential involvement during experimental American trypanosomiasis in rats. Int-J-Exp-Pathol. 1996 Jun; 77(3): 115-24; ISSN: 0959-9673.
ENGLAND. The acute phase of experimental Chagas' disease in rats is associated with early lesions of the post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals of the heart, the varicosities being the target. In the superior cervical and stellate ganglia the preganglionic fibres showed no signs of lesion in the course of experimental Chagas' disease. In the adrenal medulla, however, the acute phase of the Trypanosoma cruzi infection induced a clear rarefaction of the acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibres (20 and 32 days after infection). Recovery of the normal pattern occurred in most animals by day 125 after infection. At days 20, 32 and 46 after infection, electron-microscopic studies demonstrated the occurrence of damage in cholinergic nerve terminals contacting the chromaffin cells. The signs of damage included dense bodies, clumps of synaptic vesicles and filaments, rarefaction of all organelles, vacuoles and irregular contour. The ultrastructural peculiarities of the sympathetic ganglia may explain the ganglionar microenvironment protective against the hazardous factors elicited by acute Chagas' disease.. EC 3.1.1.7.
14. Campos Rosa, J.; Galanakis, D.; Ganellin, C. R.; Dunn, P. M. Synthesis, molecular modeling, and K+ channel-blocking activity of dequalinium analogues having semirigid linkers. J-Med-Chem. 1996 Oct 11; 39(21): 4247-54; ISSN: 0022-2623.
UNITED-STATES. Dequalinium [1,1'-(decane-1, 10-diyl)bis(2-methyl-4-aminoquinolinium)] is an effective blocker of the small conductance Ca2(+)-activated K+ channel. It has been shown that the number of methylene groups in the alkyl chain linking the two quinolinium rings of this type of molecule is not critical for activity. To further investigate the role of the linker, analogues of dequalinium have been synthesized, in which the alkyl chain has been replaced by CH2XCH2 where X is a rigid or semirigid group containing aromatic rings. The compounds have been tested for blockade of the slow after-hyperpolarization on rat sympathetic neurons. The most potent compounds have X = phenanthryl, fluorenyl, cis-stilbene, and C6H4(CH2)nC6H4, where n = 0-4. The conformational preferences of the compounds were investigated using the XED/COSMIC molecular modeling system. Although there is some dependence of the potency of the analogue on the conformational properties of the linker (X), overall, X groups having substantial structural differences are tolerated. It seems that X provides a support for the two quinolinium groups and does not interact with the channel directly. The intramolecular separation between the quinolinium rings, which is provided by rigid groups X, is not critical for activity; this may be attributed to the residual conformational mobility of the heterocycles and to the extensive delocalization of the positive charge. These two factors may permit favorable contacts between the quinolinium groups and the channel over a range of intramolecular separations.. 0; 6707-58-0.
15. Carlsson, M. [The man behind the syndrome: William John Adie. He won an involuntary victory in an academic dispute]. Mannen bakom syndromet: William John Adie. Vann ofrivillig seger i akademisk strid. Lakartidningen. 1996 May 15; 93(20): 1966-9; ISSN: 0023-7205.
SWEDEN.
16. Casado, M.; Lopez Guajardo, A.; Mellstrom, B.; Naranjo, J. R.; Lerma, J. Functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in clonal rat phaeochromocytoma cells. J-Physiol-Lond. 1996 Jan 15; 490( Pt 2): 391-404; ISSN: 0022-3751.
ENGLAND. 1. To characterize from a molecular and functional point of view the endogenous NMDA receptors expressed by phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cells, experiments involving polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, Western blotting and patch-clamp analysis of undifferentiated and nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 cells were performed. 2. Analysis of PC12 mRNA demonstrated the presence of NMDAR1 and NMDAR2C transcripts. The NMDAR1 subunits lack the amino terminal insert of twenty-one amino acid residues, where as transcripts with and without deletions I and II at the 3' end of the coding region were detected. Thus, NMDA receptors of the PC12 cells might include NMDAR1A, NMDAR1E, NMDAR1C and NMDAR1D subunits. 3. Differentiation by NGF treatment of PC12 cells did not alter mRNA expression for NMDA receptor subunits significantly but induced an increase in both the NMDAR1 protein and the total amount of functional receptors that correlated well with a parallel increase in membrane area. 4. NMDA receptors in differentiated PC12 cells had a high affinity for both glutamate and glycine. These were estimated kinetically as 0.59 microM and 74 nM, respectively. Responses to glutamate or NMDA were non-desensitizing in the presence of saturating glycine, but slowly desensitized with low concentrations of glycine. Currents were completely blocked by D-aminophosphonovalerate (APV), 7-Cl-kynurenate and phencyclidine, and showed a voltage-dependent magnesium blockade. Spermine did not potentiate but inhibited NMDA receptor-mediated responses in a voltage-independent manner. 5. With 0.5 mM Ca2+, single-channel analysis revealed very brief openings (mean open time (t(o)) = 0.42 ms), with at least two conductive states, 55 and 33 pS, both having markedly low open probability. At 2 mM Ca2+, conductances were reduced to 39 and 19 pS, without an effect in open probability or mean open time. 6. The functional properties of NMDA receptors in PC12 cells were very similar to those described for NMDAR1A-NMDAR2C heteromers recombinantly expressed. The PC12 cell line provides a simple and reproducible system to analyse some specific NMDA receptor properties.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 3483-12-3; 56-40-6; 56-86-0; 71-44-3; 7439-95-4; 7440-70-2.
17. Chakder, S.; Rattan, S. Evidence for VIP-induced increase in NO production in myenteric neurons of opossum internal anal sphincter. Am-J-Physiol. 1996 Mar; 270(3 Pt 1): G492-7; ISSN: 0002-9513.
UNITED-STATES. A significant interaction between vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and nitric oxide (NO) has been reported in neurotransmission of the gastrointestinal tract, including the internal anal sphincter (IAS). The exact site of this NO release from the IAS in response to VIP is not known. Studies were carried out to determine the site of this VIP-induced NO release in opossum IAS. NO synthase (NOS) activity was quantitated by determining L--3H-citrulline production from L[3H]arginine in isolated myenteric ganglia and smooth muscle cells of the IAS. L-[3H]citrulline production was determined before and after treatment with either the ganglionic stimulant 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide (DMPP), VIP, or peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) in the absence and presence of the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin and the NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA). Smooth muscle cells and ganglia were preloaded with L-[3H]arginine for 5 min and treated with VIP for 1 and 5 min. DMPP and VIP caused a significant increase in L-[3H]citrulline formation in myenteric ganglia at both time periods, whereas in smooth muscle cells there was a moderate but significant increase in L-[3H]citrulline production only at 5 min of VIP treatment. VIP-induced relaxation of isolated smooth muscle cells of the IAS was not affected by L-NNA. The increase in NOS activity of myenteric ganglia by DMPP and VIP was sensitive to neurotoxin and the NOS inhibitor. The data suggest that the increase in NO production in response to VIP in the IAS occurs mainly from the myenteric neurons, with some contribution from the smooth muscle cells.. EC 1.14.13.39; 0; 0; 10102-43-9; 2149-70-4; 372-75-8; 37221-79-7; 4368-28-9; 54-77-3; 7004-12-8.
18. Chancellor, M. B.; Shenot, P. J.; Rivas, D. A.; Mandel, S.; Schwartzman, R. J. Urological symptomatology in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J-Urol. 1996 Feb; 155(2): 634-7; ISSN: 0022-5347.
UNITED-STATES. PURPOSE: We determined the effect of reflex sympathetic dystrophy on lower urinary tract function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 20 consecutive patients (16 women and 4 men) with neurologically verified reflex sympathetic dystrophy was referred for voiding symptoms, including urgency, frequency, incontinence and urinary retention. No patient had had voiding symptoms before the initial trauma that induced reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Evaluation included medical history, physical examination, video urodynamic testing and cystoscopy. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 43.4 +/- 10.2 years (range 28 to 58) and mean duration of urological symptoms was 4.9 +/- 3.6 years (range 1 to 14). Urodynamic study demonstrated a mean cystometric bladder capacity of 417 +/- 182 ml. (range 120 to 700). The urodynamic diagnoses included detrusor hyperreflexia in 8 patients, detrusor areflexia in 8, sensory urgency in 3 and detrusor hyperreflexia with detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia in 1. In 4 women genuine stress urinary incontinence was also documented urodynamically. CONCLUSIONS: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy may have a profound effect on detrusor and sphincter function.
19. Chelimsky, T. C.; Low, P. A.; Naessens, J. M.; Wilson, P. R.; Amadio, P. C.; O'Brien, P. C. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy [letter; comment]. Mayo-Clin-Proc. 1996 May; 71(5): 524; discussion 525; ISSN: 0025-6196.
Note: Comment on: Mayo Clin Proc 1995 Nov;70(11):1124-6.
UNITED-STATES.
20. Cho, S.; Son, J. H.; Park, D. H.; Aoki, C.; Song, X.; Smith, G. P.; Joh, T. H. Reduced sympathetic innervation after alteration of target cell neurotransmitter phenotype in transgenic mice. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. 1996 Apr 2; 93(7): 2862-6; ISSN: 0027-8424.
UNITED-STATES. Neurotransmitters play a variety of important roles during nervous system development. In the present study, we hypothesized that neurotransmitter phenotype of both projecting and target cells is an important factor for the final synaptic linkage and its specificity. To test this hypothesis, we used transgenic techniques to convert serotonin/melatonin-producing cells of the pineal gland into cells that also produce dopamine and investigated the innervation of the phenotypically altered target cells. This phenotypic alteration markedly reduced the noradrenergic innervation originating from the superior cervical ganglia. Although the mechanism by which the reduction occurs is presently unknown, quantitative enzyme-linked immunoassay showed the presence of the equivalent amounts of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the control and transgenic pineal glands, suggesting that it occurred in a NGF-independent manner. The results suggest that target neurotransmitter phenotype influences the formation of afferent connections during development.. EC 1.14.16.2; 0; 0; 0.
21. Clinchot, D. M.; Lorch, F. Sympathetic skin response in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Am-J-Phys-Med-Rehabil. 1996 Jul; 75(4): 252-6; ISSN: 0894-9115.
UNITED-STATES. The sympathetic skin response (SSR) was recorded in four patients diagnosed with reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) in one upper limb using Kozin's clinical criteria in conjunction with a three-phase bone scan. All patients had sustained cerebral vascular accidents and were classified as Stage I RSD. The SSR was recorded in both hands after each of ten contralateral median nerve surface stimulations and in both feet after each of ten contralateral peroneal nerve surface stimulations. Amplitude, onset latency, and number of phases were recorded for all responses in each limb. Mean amplitude, onset latency, and the number of phases of the five largest potentials were then determined. In all patients, there was a statistically significant difference in the amplitude and latency of the SSR in the involved limb compared with the uninvolved limb; mean amplitude of the involved limb was greater than the mean amplitude of the uninvolved limb (P < 0.001), and latency to onset of the SSR in the involved limb was shorter than that of the uninvolved limb (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in mean amplitude and latency between the involved side and uninvolved side responses as measured at the feet.
22. Cloues, R.; Marrion, N. V. Conduction properties of the M-channel in rat sympathetic neurons. Biophys-J. 1996 Feb; 70(2): 806-12; ISSN: 0006-3495.
UNITED-STATES. We have investigated the conduction properties of the M-channel in rat superior cervical ganglion neurons. Reversal potentials measured under bi-ionic conditions yielded a permeation sequence of Tl > K > Rb > Cs > NH4 > Na. Slope conductances gave a conductance sequence of K > Tl > NH4 > Rb > Cs. M-current was shown to exhibit a number of features atypical of potassium channels. First, the conduction of monovalent cations relative to K was very low. Second, the nature of the permeant ion did not affect the deactivation kinetics. Third, M-current did not exhibit anomalous mole-fraction behavior, a property suggestive of a multi-ion pore. Finally, external Ba, which is a blocker of M-current, showed a preferential block of outward current and had much less effect on inward current. The permeability sequence of the M-channel is very similar to other K-selective channels, implying a high degree of conservation in the selectivity filter. However, other conduction properties suggest that the pore structure outside of the selectivity filter is very different from previously cloned potassium channels.. 0; 0; 7440-39-3.
23. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 1996 May; 46(5): 1470; ISSN: 0028-3878.
UNITED-STATES.
24. Corbel, C.; Pourquie, O.; Cormier, F.; Vaigot, P.; Le Douarin, N. M. BEN/SC1/DM-GRASP, a homophilic adhesion molecule, is required for in vitro myeloid colony formation by avian hemopoietic progenitors. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. 1996 Apr 2; 93(7): 2844-9; ISSN: 0027-8424.
UNITED-STATES. BEN/SC1/DM-GRASP is a membrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily isolated in the chick by several groups, including ours. Its expression is strictly developmentally regulated in several cell types of the nervous and hemopoietic systems and in certain epithelia. Each of these cell types expresses isoforms of BEN which differ by their level of N-glycosylation and by the presence or absence of the HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope. In the present work, the influence of glycosylation on BEN homophilic binding properties was investigated by two in vitro assays. First, each BEN isoform was covalently coupled to microspheres carrying different fluorescent dyes and an aggregation test was performed. We found that homophilic aggregates form indifferently between the same or different BEN isoforms, showing that glycosylation does not affect BEN homophilic binding properties. This was confirmed in the second test, where the BEN-coated microspheres bound to the neurites of BEN- expressing neurons, irrespective of the isoform considered. The transient expression of the BEN antigen on hemopoietic progenitors prompted us to see whether it might play a role in their proliferation and differentiation. When added to hemopoietic progenitor cells in an in vitro colony formation assay anti-BEN immunoglobulin strongly inhibited myeloid, but not erythroid, colony formation although both types of precursors express the molecule.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0.
25. Cowen, T.; Thrasivoulou, C.; Shaw, S. A.; Abdel Rahman, T. A. Transplanted sweat glands from mature and aged donors determine cholinergic phenotype and altered density of host sympathetic nerves. J-Auton-Nerv-Syst. 1996 May 6; 58(3): 153-62; ISSN: 0165-1838.
NETHERLANDS. Contact with sweat gland acini causes sympathetic neurons to switch from a catecholaminergic to a cholinergic phenotype during development and following experimental manipulations. Substantial reductions of cholinergic innervation have been shown in the sweat glands of ageing rats and humans. Using in oculo transplantation, we have now studied whether sweat gland target tissues retain the capacity to regulate changes in the phenotype of sympathetic neurons observed in maturity and old age, including a switch from catecholaminergic to cholinergic characters. Markers have been used which indicate changes in nerve fibre morphology (the pan-neuronal marker, PGP9.5) as well as neurotransmitter expression (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), vasocative intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)). Sweat glands from young and old donor rats became reinnervated by an organotypic pattern of cholinergic host nerves. Surgical sympathectomy demonstrated that these cholinergic nerve fibres originate from sympathetic neurons of the host superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Retrograde tracing combined with staining for VIP (a marker associated with cholinergic phenotype in neurons supplying sweat glands) showed that SCG neurons projecting to irises with sweat gland implants may be induced to express VIP. We hypothesise that these neurons have been switched from their normal catecholaminergic phenotype to a cholinergic one by contact with the sweat gland implants. Transplants from old donors attracted a density of reinnervation by young host nerves which was appropriate to the age of the donor, thus old sweat glands received a significantly reduced density of innervation compared to young glands. Despite the reduced density of innervation, there was no obvious difference in the ability of young and old implants to induce the switch to a cholinergic phenotype, suggesting that different mechanisms regulate nerve growth and neurotransmitter phenotype.. 0; 37221-79-7; 82785-14-6.
26. Czech, A.; Luzniak, P. [Diabetic neuropathy: overview of clinical problems]. Neuropatia cukrzycowa: przeglad problemow klinicznych. Pol-Tyg-Lek. 1996 Jan; 51(1-5): 33-4; ISSN: 0032-3756.
POLAND.
27. Daniel, T. M. Thoracoscopic sympathectomy. Chest-Surg-Clin-N-Am. 1996 Feb; 6(1): 69-83; ISSN: 1052-3359.
UNITED-STATES. Thoracoscopic sympathectomy has become the most widely used approach to cervicothoracic sympathectomy. Appropriate selection of cases and a knowledge of the regional anatomy are essential in achieving good clinical results. The physiology and anatomy of the upper thoracic sympathectomy system and the indications, contraindications, and complications of the operation are described. The technique of the operation as done at the University of Virginia is then presented in a step-by-step manner.
28. Diaz Villoslada, P.; Nos, C.; Alvarez Sabin, J. [Dysphagia, dysphonia and Horner's syndrome as a form of presentation of right subclavian artery aneurysm (letter)]. Disfagia, distonia y sindrome de Claudio Bernard-Horner como forma de presentacion de un aneurisma de arteria subclavia derecha aberrante. Rev-Neurol. 1996 Jul; 24(131): 868; ISSN: 0210-0010.
SPAIN.
29. Drummond, P. D. The site of sympathetic deficit in cluster headache. Headache. 1996 Jan; 36(1): 3-9; ISSN: 0017-8748.
UNITED-STATES. The pattern of autonomic deficit in the face of cluster headache patients resembles the deficit in patients with a postganglionic sympathetic lesion from some other cause; however, the presence of abnormal cardiac rhythms and bilateral pupillary reflex deficit in some patients with cluster headache suggests that the lesion might compromise central sympathetic drive. To investigate this possibility, the vasomotor and sudomotor startle reflex was investigated in the hands of six cluster headache patients with ocular and thermoregulatory signs of postganglionic sympathetic deficit in the face; for comparison, responses were also investigated in 15 patients with a lesion in the cervical sympathetic pathway from some other cause. The startle reflex was intact in the hands of the six cluster headache patients, but was diminished ipsilaterally in patients with a central or preganglionic sympathetic lesion and also, surprisingly, in patients with a postganglionic lesion caused by an aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. Ocular sympathetic deficit was greater in patients with an aneurysm of the internal carotid artery than in cluster headache patients or in patients with a postganglionic sympathetic lesion from some other cause; the aneurysm may have compromised neurons with projections to the face and hand, or could have induced transsynaptic degeneration of preganglionic fibers supplying both regions. The findings indicate that central sympathetic drive is not impaired in cluster headache patients; thus, a peripheral lesion probably induces sympathetic deficit on the symptomatic side of the face.
30. Drummond, P. D.; Skipworth, S.; Finch, P. M. alpha 1-adrenoceptors in normal and hyperalgesic human skin. Clin-Sci-Colch. 1996 Jul; 91(1): 73-7; ISSN: 0143-5221.
ENGLAND. 1. Evidence of an adrenergic component of cutaneous hyperalgesia has recently been obtained in animal models of painful peripheral neuropathy. These findings have prompted speculation that an increased density or sensitivity of peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors contributes to sensory abnormalities and chronic neuropathic pain in conditions such as reflex sympathetic dystrophy. However, it is not known whether alpha-adrenoceptors are present at the site of nociception, either in hyperalgesic or normal skin. 2. We used the selective radioligand 125I-hydroxyphenyl-ethyl-aminomethyl-tetralone (HEAT) to label alpha 1-adrenoceptors, and quantitative autoradiography to assess the relative density of these receptors in skin samples from seven normal individuals and from the hyperalgesic and pain-free limbs of five patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. The distribution of autoradiographic grains over the epidermis and dermis was investigated in 10 microns serial transverse sections. 3. alpha 1-Adrenoceptors were identified in the epidermis and dermal papillae of normal individuals, and in the hyperalgesic and pain-free skin of patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. The density of alpha 1-adrenoceptors was greater in the epidermis and dermal papillae than further down in the dermis. 4. The mean density of alpha 1-adrenoceptors was significantly greater in the hyperalgesic skin of patients than in the skin of normal individuals (35.4 grains/1000 microns2 compared with 15.5 grains/ 1000 microns2, P < 0.01). The mean density of alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the pain-free skin of patients (26.9 grains/1000 microns2) fell midway between receptor density in hyperalgesic skin and in the skin of normal individuals, and did not differ significantly from either. 5. Our findings indicate that alpha 1-adrenoceptors are present in the epidermis, and suggest that their numbers may be increased in the hyperalgesic skin of patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Further studies need to identify the dermal and epidermal cell types that express high densities of alpha 1-adrenoceptors, and to investigate their normal function and role in neuropathic pain.. 0.
31. Du, X. J.; Vincan, E.; Woodcock, D. M.; Milano, C. A.; Dart, A. M.; Woodcock, E. A. Response to cardiac sympathetic activation in transgenic mice overexpressing beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Am-J-Physiol. 1996 Aug; 271(2 Pt 2): H630-6; ISSN: 0002-9513.
UNITED-STATES. Transgenic mice have been created with 200-fold overexpression of beta 2-adrenergic receptors specifically in the heart. Cardiac function was studied in these transgenic mice and their controls at baseline and during isoproterenol perfusion or sympathetic nerve stimulation. The model used was an in situ buffer-perfused, innervated heart, and the left ventricle maximal derivative of pressure over time (dP/dtmax) and heart rate (HR) were measured. Basal HR and dP/dtmax were 30-40% higher in hearts from transgenic mice than controls. Electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerves (2, 4, and 8 Hz) or infusion of isoproterenol markedly increased HR and dP/dtmax in control hearts. Hearts from transgenic mice did not respond to isoproterenol. However, hearts from transgenic mice retained the HR response to nerve stimulation, and a small increase in dP/dtmax was also detected. Atenolol inhibited the response to nerve stimulation in control hearts but not that in hearts from transgenic mice. ICI-118551 inhibited the response in transgenic hearts. Basal HR and dP/dtmax were decreased by ICI-118551 only in transgenic hearts. Thus overexpression of cardiac beta 2-receptors modifies beta-adrenergic activity, but the responses to endogenous and exogenous adrenergic stimulation are affected differently.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 29122-68-7; 72795-19-8; 7683-59-2.
32. Dun, N. J.; Tang, H.; Dun, S. L.; Huang, R.; Dun, E. C.; Wakade, A. R. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-immunoreactive sensory neurons innervate rat adrenal medulla. Brain-Res. 1996 Apr 15; 716(1-2): 11-21; ISSN: 0006-8993.
NETHERLANDS. Rat adrenal chromaffin cells were invested by a dense network of nerve fibers immunoreactive to pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP-IR). Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the presence of PACAP-IR in nodose and dorsal root ganglion cells, but not in neurons of the intermediolateral cell column and other autonomic nuclei of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord. Somata of the T7 to T12 paravertebral ganglia were PACAP-negative. A few lightly labeled neurons were occasionally noted in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Injection of the retrograde tracer Fluorogold into the left adrenal medulla 3 days prior to sacrifice resulted in the labeling of a population of neurons in the ipsilateral spinal cord intermediolateral cell column (T1 to L1), ipsilateral and contralateral nodose ganglia and ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia from T7 to T10 inclusive. A small number of lightly labeled somata was occasionally noted in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Combined retrograde tracing and PACAP immunohistochemistry showed that a population of Fluorogold-containing nodose and dorsal root ganglion cells were also PACAP-positive. Pre-treatment of the rats with capsaicin caused a marked reduction of the PACAP-IR in the adrenal gland as well as in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn and caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus. These findings, in conjunction with the apparent absence of PACAP-IR in spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons, sympathetic postganglionic neurons, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, raise the possibility that PACAP-IR fibers observed in the adrenal medulla are primarily sensory in origin. As a corollary, catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells may be modulated by the peptidergic sensory afferents in addition to the cholinergic sympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 404-86-4; 82785-14-6.
33. Durbec, P. L.; Larsson Blomberg, L. B.; Schuchardt, A.; Costantini, F.; Pachnis, V. Common origin and developmental dependence on c-ret of subsets of enteric and sympathetic neuroblasts. Development. 1996 Jan; 122(1): 349-58; ISSN: 0950-1991.
ENGLAND. c-ret encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor that is necessary for normal development of the mammalian enteric nervous system. Germline mutations in c-ret lead to congenital megacolon in humans, while a loss-of-function allele (ret.k-) causes intestinal aganglionosis in mice. Here we examine in detail the function of c-ret during neurogenesis, as well as the lineage relationships among cell populations in the enteric nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system that are dependent on c-ret function. We report that, while the intestine of newborn ret.k- mice is devoid of enteric ganglia, the esophagus and stomach are only partially affected; furthermore, the superior cervical ganglion is absent, while more posterior sympathetic ganglia and the adrenal medulla are unaffected. Analysis of mutant embryos shows that the superior cervical ganglion anlage is present at E10.5, but absent by E12.5, suggesting that c-ret is required for the survival or proliferation of sympathetic neuroblasts. In situ hybridization studies, as well as direct labelling of cells with DiI, indicate that a common pool of neural crest cells derived from the postotic hindbrain normally gives rise to most of the enteric nervous system and the superior cervical ganglion, and is uniquely dependent on c-ret function for normal development. We term this the sympathoenteric lineage. In contrast, a distinct sympathoadrenal lineage derived from trunk neural crest forms the more posterior sympathetic ganglia, and also contributes to the foregut enteric nervous system. Overall, our studies reveal previously unknown complexities of cell lineage and genetic control mechanisms in the developing mammalian peripheral nervous system.. EC 2.7.1.-; 0; 0; 0.
34. Elsas, T.; Uddman, R.; Sundler, F. Vasoactive intestinal peptide- and nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibers in the rat ophthalmic artery have different origins. Graefes-Arch-Clin-Exp-Ophthalmol. 1996 Feb; 234(2): 125-30; ISSN: 0721-832X.
GERMANY. BACKGROUND: Neuropeptides are important in the regulation of vascular functions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the distribution of perivascular nerve fibers containing neuropeptides and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the rat ophthalmic artery. METHODS: Neuropeptide- and NOS-containing nerve fibers in the rat ophthalmic artery were identified using immunocytochemistry following unilateral parasympathectomy (electrocoagulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion) and sympathectomy (superior cervical ganglionectomy). The contralateral artery was used as control. RESULTS: Nerve fibers containing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NOS were abundant in the wall of the ophthalmic artery. Nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P were scarcer. Following destruction of the sphenopalatine ganglion there was no discernible change in the density of VIP- and NPY-immunoreactive fibers, while the majority of the NOS-containing fibers disappeared. Following sympathectomy the NPY-containing nerve fibers were almost completely eliminated, whereas VIP- and NOS-containing fibers were unaffected. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that the sphenopalatine ganglion is the main contributor of NOS-containing nerve fibers to the rat ophthalmic artery. In contrast, this ganglion apparently is of little importance as a source of VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers to the artery, demonstrating different origins of the majority of the VIP-and NOS-containing fibers to this artery. The NPY-containing nerve fibers in the rat ophthalmic artery emanate mainly from the superior cervical ganglion.. EC 1.14.13.39; 0; 37221-79-7.
35. ElShamy, W. M.; Linnarsson, S.; Lee, K. F.; Jaenisch, R.; Ernfors, P. Prenatal and postnatal requirements of NT-3 for sympathetic neuroblast survival and innervation of specific targets. Development. 1996 Feb; 122(2): 491-500; ISSN: 0950-1991.
ENGLAND. Postnatal homozygous neurotrophin-3 mutant mice display a loss of about half the sympathetic superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons (Ernfors, P., Lee, K.-F., Kucera, J. and Jaenisch, R. (1994a) Cell 77, 503-512; Farinas, I., Jones, K. R., Backus, C., Wang, X. Y. and Reichardt, L. F. (1994) Nature 369, 658-661). We found that this loss is caused by excessive apoptosis of sympathetic neuroblasts leading to a failure to generate a normal number of neurons during neurogenesis. NT-3 was also found to be required postnatally. In Nt-3-/- mice, sympathetic fibers failed to invade pineal gland and external ear postnatally; whereas other targets of the external and internal carotid nerves, including the submandibular gland and the iris, displayed a normal complement of sympathetic innervation. Sympathetic fibers of mice carrying one functional copy of the Nt-3 gene (Nt-3+/- mice) invaded the pineal gland, but failed to branch and form a ground plexus. Cultured neonatal sympathetic neurons responded to NT-3 by neurite outgrowth and mRNA upregulation of the NT-3 receptor, trkC. Exogenously administered NT-3 promoted sympathetic growth and rescued the sympathetic target deficit of the mutant mice. We conclude that NT-3 is required for the survival of sympathetic neuroblasts during neurogenesis and for sympathetic innervation and branching in specific targets after birth.. EC 1.14.16.2; EC 2.7.1.-; 0; 0; 0; 144515-70-8.
36. Fahn, S.; Brin, M. F.; Dwork, A. J.; Weiner, W. J.; Goetz, C. G.; Rajput, A. H. Case 1, 1996: rapidly progressive parkinsonism, incontinence, impotency, and levodopa-induced moaning in a patient with multiple myeloma [clinical conference]. Mov-Disord. 1996 May; 11(3): 298-310; ISSN: 0885-3185.
UNITED-STATES. 0; 0.
37. Fateev, M. M.; Nazdrachev, A. D.; Masliukov, P. M.; Strelkov, A. A. [Innervation of internal organs by stellate ganglion neurons in the cat]. Innervatsiia vnutrennikh organov neironami zvezdchatogo ganglia koshki. Dokl-Akad-Nauk. 1996 May; 348(1): 122-3; ISSN: 0869-5652.
RUSSIA.
38. Frontoni, M.; Fiorini, M.; Strano, S.; Cerutti, S.; Giubilei, F.; Urani, C.; Bastianello, S.; Pozzilli, C. Power spectrum analysis contribution to the detection of cardiovascular dysautonomia in multiple sclerosis. Acta-Neurol-Scand. 1996 Apr; 93(4): 241-5; ISSN: 0001-6314.
DENMARK. In multiple sclerosis (MS) autonomic cardiovascular dysfunction is an uncommon, but potentially dangerous event, to which studies of spectral analysis of heart rate variability have not been applied, yet. MATERIAL AND METHODS--We studied 16 patients with definite MS (11 women and 5 men, mean age 30.3 +/- 7.4 yrs., mean EDSS 2.06 +/- 1.42) and 16 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Besides cardiovascular reflex tests (valsalva manoeuvre, deep breathing, lying to standing, Blood Pressure response to standing and sustained handgrip), each underwent spectral analysis of the R-R interval short-term variability at rest and after tilting, to detect three components: very low frequency (VLF), low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF). A recent brain MRI was obtained from patients, to compare plaque characteristics with spectral parameters. RESULTS--At cardiovascular reflexes, only four patients (25%) showed an impairment, mostly of a mild degree. VLF and LF at rest were lower in MS subjects than in controls (p < 0.01). No significant correlation was found between spectral parameters and lesion area or localization as detected on MRI. CONCLUSIONS--Spectral analysis could usefully flank reflex tests to detect autonomic subclinical cardiovascular abnormalities.
39. Fukutake, T.; Kita, K.; Sakakibara, R.; Takagi, K.; Tokumaru, Y.; Kojima, S.; Hattori, T.; Hirayama, K. Late-onset hereditary ataxia with global thermoanalgesia and absence of fungiform papillae on the tongue in a Japanese family. Brain. 1996 Jun; 119( Pt 3): 1011-21; ISSN: 0006-8950.
ENGLAND. Two Japanese male siblings, aged 68 and 59 years, affected by late-onset progressive ataxia distinguished by extensive sensory and mild autonomic disturbances are described. They had global thermoanalgesia, positive Romberg signs, sensorineural deafness, canal paresis and ageusia. Their autonomic disturbances consisted of absence of overflow tears with usual stimuli, dysphagia, blood pressure and vasomotor instability, diarrhoea/constipation, and urinary frequency. Sensory nerve action potentials were completely absent, whereas motor conduction velocity was slightly reduced only in the lower extremities. Sural nerve biopsy on the younger brother demonstrated a marked loss of myelinated fibres and a reduction in the number of unmyelinated axons. Tongue histology revealed absence of fungiform papillae and taste buds. Autonomic function tests showed widespread but mild sympathetic and parasympathetic failures. Neuro-imaging studies revealed atrophy of the spinal cord, cerebellum, brainstem and corpus callosum, and enlargement of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles. These siblings represent a previously unrecognized variant of late-onset hereditary spinocerebellar degeneration with global thermoanalgesia and absence of fungiform papillae on the tongue.. 0.
40. Funakoshi, K.; Abe, T.; Kishida, R. The spinal sympathetic preganglionic cell column in the puffer fish, Takifugu niphobles. Cell-Tissue-Res. 1996 Apr; 284(1): 111-6; ISSN: 0302-766X.
GERMANY. Little is known about the spinal sympathetic organization in teleosts. We examined the location of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling. After HRP application to the sympathetic trunk or celiac ganglion, labeled neurons were found just dorsal - dorsolateral to the central canal. They form a cell column (central autonomic nucleus) at the level of the posterior rootlet of the first spinal nerve to the third spinal nerve. HRP application to the sympathetic trunk produced labeling in almost the entire central autonomic nucleus, but HRP application to the celiac ganglion produced labeling in only the rostral half of the central autonomic nucleus. These results suggest that there is some topographical arrangement in the rostrocaudal part of the central autonomic nucleus. On the other hand, the fact that the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are within a single cell column and have no mediolateral segregation means that the target-related or function-associated mediolateral arrangement found in tetrapods is lacking in this species. We also found some labeling in the central autonomic nucleus after HRP application to the cranial nerves. This may indicate that the preganglionic neurons project to the cranial nerves.. EC 1.11.1.-.
41. Furuzawa, Y.; Ohmori, Y.; Watanabe, T. Anatomical localization of sympathetic postganglionic and sensory neurons innervating the pancreas of the cat. J-Vet-Med-Sci. 1996 Mar; 58(3): 243-8; ISSN: 0916-7250.
JAPAN. Sympathetic postganglionic and sensory neurons were labeled by injecting a mixed solution of horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase into the splenic portion or the duodenal portion of the cat pancreas. Labeled postganglionic neurons (about 25,000 cells) were located bilaterally in the celiac and cranial mesenteric ganglia (91%), mainly in celiac ganglia, and in the paravertebral ganglia T5 to L7 (9%), especially in T13 to L2. Labeled sensory neurons (about 2,700 cells) were found bilaterally in the dorsal root ganglia T3 to L5, chiefly in T10 to L1. Some differences were found in the localization of labeled postganglionic and sensory neurons between the two portions of the pancreas. Injection in to the splenic portion revealed more labeled neurons in ganglia on the left side, while injection into the duodenal portion gave rise to a greater number of labeled neurons on the right side. Paravertebral and dorsal root ganglion cells innervating the splenic portion were concentrated in fewer ganglia than those supplying the duodenal portion. Compared to the splenic portion, the duodenal portion tended to be innervated by more cranially located neurons in paravertebral and dorsal root ganglia. These neurons probably control the secretion of the endocrine and exocrine pancreas, but the differences in the localization of the labeled neurons between the two portions may be related to the different intraabdominal positions of the two portions of the pancreas.. 0.
42. Galanakis, D.; Ganellin, C. R.; Malik, S.; Dunn, P. M. Synthesis and pharmacological testing of dequalinium analogues as blockers of the apamin-sensitive Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel: variation of the length of the alkylene chain. J-Med-Chem. 1996 Aug 30; 39(18): 3592-5; ISSN: 0022-2623.
UNITED-STATES. Dequalinium is a potent and selective blocker of the small conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ (SKCa) channel in rat sympathetic neurones. Analogues of dequalinium possessing 3-6, 8, 10, and 12 methylene groups in the linking chain have been synthesized and tested for inhibition of the afterhyperpolarization in rat sympathetic neurones. The compounds having a 5-12-carbon chain showed very little variation in their activity as SKCa channel blockers. The analogues possessing four and three methylenes exhibited 3- and 8-fold lower potency, respectively, compared with dequalinium. These results are discussed in the context of possible modes of binding of the compounds to the SKCa channel.. 0; 24345-16-2; 6707-58-0; 7440-70-2.
43. Gibbins, I. L.; Matthew, S. E. Dendritic morphology of presumptive vasoconstrictor and pilomotor neurons and their relations with neuropeptide-containing preganglionic fibres in lumbar sympathetic ganglia of guinea-pigs. Neuroscience. 1996 Feb; 70(4): 999-1012; ISSN: 0306-4522.
UNITED-STATES. We have used intracellular dye-filling combined with multiple-labelling immunofluorescence to examine the dendritic morphology of neurons and their relations with neuropeptide-containing preganglionic terminals in the lumbar sympathetic chain of guinea-pigs. Presumptive vasoconstrictor neurons with immunoreactivity for both tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y dendritic fields that were significantly smaller, on average, than those of presumptive pilomotor neurons containing immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase but not to neuropeptide Y. However, there was considerable variation in the sizes of the dendritic fields of the vasoconstrictor neurons. Preganglionic nerve terminals containing immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide, but not to substance P, only surrounded cell bodies of vasoconstrictor neurons containing immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y. In most cases, the neuropeptide-containing preganglionic terminals were not associated closely with the distal dendrites of these neurons. Few neuropeptide-containing terminals were associated closely with either the cell bodies or dendrites of the pilomotor neurons. These results show that there is a considerable range in the size of dendritic trees of sympathetic final motor neurons. Some of this variation is related to the pathways within which the neurons lie, so that presumptive pilomotor neurons generally are larger than presumptive vasoconstrictor neurons. The marked variation in size of vasoconstrictor neurons raises the possibility that there may be a size dependent recruitment of these neurons, similar to that seen in pools of spinal motor neurons. The distribution of the peptide-containing preganglionic endings suggests that they would act predominantly at the cell body and proximal dendrites of the final motor neurons.. 0.
44. Goldstein, D. S.; McRae, A.; Holmes, C.; Dalakas, M. C. Autoimmune autonomic failure in a patient with myeloma-associated Shy-Drager syndrome. Clin-Auton-Res. 1996 Feb; 6(1): 17-21; ISSN: 0959-9851.
ENGLAND. We report here the case of a patient with the Shy-Drager syndrome and multiple myeloma who had evidence consistent with a central neural autoimmune basis for sympathetic autonomic failure. Autonomic function testing showed no recordable peroneal skeletal muscle sympathoneural traffic, normal arterial norepinephrine (NE) spillover during supine rest and no increment in NE spillover during exposure to lower body negative pressure. The patient's cerebrospinal fluid and serum contained an immunoglobulin G that bound to rat locus ceruleus (LC) in an in vitro test system. The myeloma protein was of the lambda subtype and bound in the rat LC, without binding in the substantia nigra, as demonstrated with anti-lambda antiserum. Since in this case the monoclonal antibody produced by the myeloma bound specifically to LC cells, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that in this patient the Shy-Drager syndrome may have had an immune-mediated basis.. 0; 0; 0.
45. Griggs, W. D.; Hanyu, Y.; Matsumoto, G. Cultured giant fiber lobe of squid expresses three distinct potassium channel activities in selective combinations. J-Membr-Biol. 1996 Jul; 152(1): 25-37; ISSN: 0022-2631.
UNITED-STATES. Neurons from the giant fiber lobe (GFL) of squid Loligo bleekeri were dissociated and cultured. The ionic currents were recorded using whole-cell patch clamp methods. The sodium current and the noninactivating potassium current like those elicited by the giant axon were among the currents expressed in axonal bulbs and bulblike structures upon dissociation. Meanwhile axonless cell bodies did not elicit such currents. Axonless cell bodies and some bulblike structures elicited two kinds of inactivating potassium currents, the slow- and the fast-inactivating current, which differed in their inactivation kinetics and pharmacology. Within 24 hr of plating, the current composition remained the same. While the noninactivating current was not sensitive to 4-aminopyridine, the two inactivating currents were sensitive, the slow-inactivating current being more sensitive. Selective combinations of the sodium current and the three potassium currents expressed in different structures of the acutely dissociated GFL could have resulted from cellular control of synthesis and transportation of the channel proteins to the somatic and the axonal membrane. The sodium current and the noninactivating potassium current could be recorded from some axonless cell bodies maintained in culture for over three days, indicating that the separation of the giant axon from its somata could result in the transportation of the channels normally expressed on the giant axon membrane to the somatic membrane.. 0; 0; 504-24-5; 7440-09-7; 7440-23-5.
46. Gupta, V. K. Painless Horner's syndrome in cluster headache [letter]. J-Neurol-Neurosurg-Psychiatry. 1996 Apr; 60(4): 462-3; ISSN: 0022-3050.
ENGLAND.
47. Hagay, Z.; Weissman, A. Management of diabetic pregnancy complicated by coronary artery disease and neuropathy. Obstet-Gynecol-Clin-North-Am. 1996 Mar; 23(1): 205-20; ISSN: 0889-8545.
UNITED-STATES. Various manifestations of diabetic neuropathy may complicate pregnancies of young diabetic patients. Of all forms of diabetic neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, and, in particular, gastropathy, may cause the most devastating complications. Because neuropathy is a common abnormality in young asymptomatic diabetic women, screening for this disorder may be advisable and can be accomplished by relatively simple and noninvasive tests. Screening is best performed before conception or early in pregnancy, because pregnancy itself and its possible complications later modify the autonomic nervous function tests and make testing unreliable. Practitioners and obstetricians who provide care and counseling to young diabetic patients should be familiar with the risks and consequences to maternal and fetal health that may be imposed by the different forms of neuropathy. Moderate-to-severe autonomic dysfunction may be considered a relative contraindication to pregnancy, especially if gastropathy is part of the clinical presentation. The management dilemmas and high mortality and morbidity associated with symptomatic diabetic neuropathy may justify the addition of a new independent class, class N (neuropathy), to the current classification systems for diabetes in pregnancy.
48. Hainfellner, J. A.; Kristoferitsch, W.; Lassmann, H.; Bernheimer, H.; Neisser, A.; Drlicek, M.; Beer, F.; Budka, H. T-cell-mediated ganglionitis associated with acute sensory neuronopathy. Ann-Neurol. 1996 Apr; 39(4): 543-7; ISSN: 0364-5134.
UNITED-STATES. A 67-year-old man presented with acute painful sensory loss, areflexia, ataxia, urinary retention, and severe constipation and became unable to walk within 2 weeks. He died suddenly 5 weeks after the onset of symptoms. Autopsy revealed widespread inflammation of sensory and autonomic ganglia with immunocytochemical evidence of a CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxic attack against ganglion neurons. This observation suggests a novel pathogenetic mechanism of immune-mediated human ganglion cell damage comparable to mechanisms operating in polymyositis.
49. Hannan, A. J.; Henke, R. C.; Weinberger, R. P.; Sentry, J. W.; Jeffrey, P. L. Differential induction and intracellular localization of SCG10 messenger RNA is associated with neuronal differentiation. Neuroscience. 1996 Jun; 72(4): 889-900; ISSN: 0306-4522.
UNITED-STATES. The differentiation of neurons involves the establishment of distinct molecular compartments which regulate neuronal shape and function. This requires targeting of specific gene products to growth-associated regions of the neuron. We have investigated the temporal and spatial regulation of SCG10 gene expression during neuronal differentiation. There are two SCG10 messenger RNAs, 1 and 2 kg in length, which encode the same growth-associated protein. These messenger RNAs were found to be differentially regulated during the onset of neurite outgrowth in early rat cerebellum development. In PC12 cells, the two SCG10 messenger RNAs were shown to be differentially induced by nerve growth factor. Regulation of the 2 kb messenger RNA, but not the 1 kb messenger RNA, is dependent on the differentiation of PC12 cells, indicating that post-transcriptional regulation of SCG10 expression during neurite outgrowth. Spatial regulation of the 2 kb SCG10 messenger RNA distribution during brain development was examined by in situ hybridization. The 2 kb messenger RNA was found to be localized to the neuronal pole where outgrowth was occurring, within differentiating neurons in vivo. Intracellular localization of SCG10 messenger RNA was also observed in differentiating primary cultured neurons, with the 2 kb messenger RNA transported into growing neurites during the development of neuronal polarity. In neurons which had developed polarity, the 2 kb SCG10 messenger RNA was consistently found in the cell body and axon. This study demonstrates both temporal and spatial post-transcriptional regulation of SCG10 expression which is associated with neurite outgrowth. The directed transport and positional translation of SCG10 messenger RNA provide a potential mechanism for protein targeting and the creation of molecular compartments during neuronal differentiation.. 0; 0; 0.
50. Havel, P. J.; Valverde, C. Autonomic mediation of glucagon secretion during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes. 1996 Jul; 45(7): 960-6; ISSN: 0012-1797.
UNITED-STATES. Autonomic activation mediates the majority of the increase of glucagon secretion during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in several species including dogs, mice, and rats. However, the role of the autonomic nervous system to increase glucagon during hypoglycemia in humans remains controversial, and investigations in nonhuman primates have not been previously conducted. The autonomic contribution to glucagon secretion during hypoglycemia in a nonhuman primate was examined by two independent pharmacological approaches. Glucagon responses to clamped insulin-induced hypoglycemia were compared in conscious rhesus monkeys in the presence or absence of ganglionic blockade with trimethaphan, or during combined muscarinic and adrenergic receptor blockade with atropine, propranolol, and tolazoline. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia (plasma glucose = 1.9 +/- 0.1 mmol/l) activated parasympathetic nerves to the pancreas as assessed by increased plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels (delta = 135.0 +/- 36.8 pmol/l, P < 0.01), produced sympathoadrenal activation as assessed by elevations of plasma epinephrine (EPI) (delta = 22.3 +/- 2.95 nmol/l, P < 0.0005) and norepinephrine (NE) (delta = 3.72 +/- 0.77 mmol/l, P < 0.0025) and increased plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) (delta = 920 +/- 294 ng/l, P < 0.025). Nicotinic ganglionic blockade with trimethaphan prevented parasympathetic (deltaPP = 16.5 +/- 16.3 pmol/l, P < 0.01 vs. control) and sympathoadrenal (deltaEPI = 1.52 +/- 0.98 nmol/l; deltaNE = -0.62 +/- 0.24 mmol/l, both P < 0.0025 vs. control) activation during hypoglycemia and inhibited the IRG response by 70% (delta = 278 +/- 67 ng/l, P < 0.025 vs. control). Combined muscarinic and adrenergic receptor blockade reduced parasympathetic activation (deltaPP = 48.3 +/- 16.3 pmol/l, P < 0.01 vs. control) and inhibited the IRG response by a similar degree to ganglionic blockade (deltaIRG = 284 +/- 60 ng/l, P < 0.025 vs. control). These results demonstrate by two independent pharmacological approaches that autonomic activation makes a substantial contribution to increased glucagon secretion during hypoglycemia of approximately 2.0 mmol/l in a species of nonhuman primate.. 0; 0; 0; 11061-68-0; 51-41-2; 51-55-8; 525-66-6; 59-98-3; 59763-91-6; 7187-66-8; 9007-92-5.
51. Heafield, M. T.; Gammage, M. D.; Nightingale, S.; Williams, A. C. Idiopathic dysautonomia treated with intravenous gammaglobulin. Lancet. 1996 Jan 6; 347(8993): 28-9; ISSN: 0140-6736.
ENGLAND. BACKGROUND: A previously healthy 23-year-old man presented with a short history of abdominal pain and diarrhoea followed by blurred vision, severe postural hypotension, reduced sweating and unremitting fever. METHODS: Examination revealed fixed dilated pupils, impaired sweating and postural hypotension. Clinical and neurophysiological examination showed no motor or sensory deficit. A diagnosis of idiopathic autonomic neuropathy was made. He became gravely ill with profound life-threatening hypotension and a prolonged ileus. FINDINGS: Within 36 h of receiving intravenous gammaglobulin (IVGG) his pupillary areflexia and severe hypotension resolved. 2 weeks later the autonomic failure recurred but again responded to treatment with IVGG. IVGG is a recognised treatment for Guillain-Barre syndrome. INTERPRETATION: This case report demonstrates that IVGG is also effective in the rare pure dysautonomic variant.. 0.
52. Heierli, P.; Bonnard, C.; Favarger, N.; Egloff, D. V. [Reflex sympathetic algodystrophy]. L'algodystrophie sympathique reflexe. Rev-Med-Suisse-Romande. 1996 Mar; 116(3): 197-203; ISSN: 0035-3655.
SWITZERLAND.
53. Helke, C. J.; Yang, L. Interactions and coexistence of neuropeptides and serotonin in spinal autonomic systems. Ann-N-Y-Acad-Sci. 1996 Mar 22; 780: 185-92; ISSN: 0077-8923.
UNITED-STATES. 0; 24305-27-9; 33507-63-0; 50-67-9; 86933-74-6.
54. Hellweg, R.; Baethge, C.; Hartung, H. D.; Bruckner, M. K.; Arendt, T. NGF level in the rat sciatic nerve is decreased after long-term consumption of ethanol. Neuroreport. 1996 Feb 29; 7(3): 777-80; ISSN: 0959-4965.
ENGLAND. Long-term effects of ethanol consumption on endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) level were investigated in NGF-producing target organs and tissues of the peripheral nervous system. Rats were treated with ethanol (20% v/v) for 9 months, detoxified for an additional 2 weeks and kept without ethanol for an additional month prior to sacrifice. NGF level in the NGF-producing target tissues such as iris and submandibular gland and in the trigeminal ganglion and superior cervical ganglion, where NGF-responsive perikarya are located, did not differ significantly from corresponding controls. In contrast, NGF level in the sciatic nerve was significantly reduced by 54%. This indicates that long-term ethanol consumption affects retrograde axonal transport of the neurotrophic factor NGF, suggesting that NGF deficiency may be part of the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathy due to chronic alcoholism.. 0; 0; 64-17-5.
55. Herlitze, S.; Garcia, D. E.; Mackie, K.; Hille, B.; Scheuer, T.; Catterall, W. A. Modulation of Ca2+ channels by G-protein beta gamma subunits. Nature. 1996 Mar 21; 380(6571): 258-62; ISSN: 0028-0836.
ENGLAND. Calcium ions entering cells through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels initiate rapid release of neurotransmitters and secretion of hormones. Ca2+ currents can be inhibited in many cell types by neurotransmitters acting through G proteins via a membrane-delimited pathway independently of soluble intracellular messengers. Inhibition is typically caused by a positive shift in the voltage dependence and a slowing of channel activation and is relieved by strong depolarization resulting in facilitation of Ca2+ currents. This pathway regulates the activity of N-type and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels, which are localized in presynaptic terminals and participate in neurotransmitter release. Synaptic transmission is inhibited by neurotransmitters through this mechanism. G-protein alpha subunits confer specificity in receptor coupling, but it is not known whether the G alpha or G beta gamma subunits are responsible for modulation of Ca2+ channels. Here we report that G beta gamma subunits can modulate Ca2+ channels. Transfection of G beta gamma into cells expressing P/Q-type Ca2+ channels induces modulation like that caused by activation of G protein-coupled receptors, but G alpha subunits do not. Similarly, injection or expression of G beta gamma subunits in sympathetic ganglion neurons induces facilitation and occludes modulation of N-type channels by noradrenaline, but G alpha subunits do not. In both cases, the G gamma subunit is ineffective by itself, but overexpression of exogenous G beta subunits is sufficient to cause channel modulation.. 0; 0; 0; 51-41-2.
56. Holder, L. E. Diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy [letter; comment]. J-Hand-Surg-Am. 1996 Mar; 21(2): 325; ISSN: 0363-5023.
Note: Comment on: J Hand Surg [Am] 1995 May;20(3):458-63.
UNITED-STATES.
57. Iani, C.; Attanasio, A.; Manfredi, M. Paroxysmal staring and masticatory automatisms during postural hypotension in a patient with multiple system atrophy. Epilepsia. 1996 Jul; 37(7): 690-3; ISSN: 0013-9580.
UNITED-STATES. PURPOSE: We studied a 51-year-old man with multiple system atrophy and autonomic insufficiency. He had repeated episodes of loss of contact, staring, and masticatory automatisms. METHODS: Blood pressure during these events documented a systolic pressure of 60 mm Hg. Cardiovascular reflex tests provided evidence of autonomic failure. Head computed tomography (CT) revealed moderate, diffuse cortical and cerebellar atrophy. RESULTS: These events were strictly related to blood pressure decreases and could be reproduced consistently by having the patient sit up after a meal. Ictal polygraphic recordings showed EEG changes consistent with anoxia, preceded by sudden hypotension with fixed heart rate. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral anoxia during a syncopal attack may therefore precipitate transient, sudden neurologic dysfunction that closely mimics complex partial seizures. Masticatory automatisms may represent a release phenomenon resulting from inactivation of neocortical structures by cerebral anoxia or reticular disconnection.
58. Ikeda, T.; Iwase, S.; Sugiyama, Y.; Matsukawa, T.; Mano, T.; Doi, M.; Kikura, M.; Ikeda, K. Stellate ganglion block is associated with increased tibial nerve muscle sympathetic activity in humans. Anesthesiology. 1996 Apr; 84(4): 843-50; ISSN: 0003-3022.
UNITED-STATES. BACKGROUND: Left stellate ganglion block has been shown to increase heart rate and blood pressure, possible because of blockage of afferent vagal fibers from arterial baroreceptors in the aortic arch. Because efferent muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) is influenced by the arterial baroreflex, the hypothesis that left stellate ganglion block increases efferent MSNA recorded from the tibial nerve of humans was tested. METHODS: Twenty healthy male volunteers were sequentially assigned to one of three groups: stellate ganglion block (n = 10), in which 7 ml 1% mepivacaine was injected into the left stellate ganglion; placebo (n = 5), in which 7 ml of saline was injected into the left stellate ganglion; and intramuscular injection (n = 5), in which 7 ml mepivacaine was injected into the left deltoid muscle. Direct intraneural microneurographic recording with a tungsten microelectrode was used to record MSNA in the left tibial nerve. MSNA, heart rate, and blood pressure were recorded before and after injection in all groups. An additional five volunteers were studied with transthoracic echocardiography to examine the effect of stellate ganglion block on preload changes. RESULTS: Tibial nerve MSNA increased after mepivacaine injection to the left stellate ganglion but was unchanged after saline injection to the left stellate ganglion or mepivacaine injection into the deltoid muscle. Heart rate increased significantly after the left stellate ganglion block but did not change significantly after saline injection to the left stellate ganglion or after mepivacaine injection to the deltoid muscle. Systemic blood pressure did not change significantly in all groups. Left ventricular end-diastolic area and left ventricular end-diastolic circumference did not change after stellate ganglion block. CONCLUSIONS: Tibial nerve MSNA increased during left stellate ganglion block with mepivacaine.. 51-41-2; 96-88-8.
59. Isaacson, L. G.; Schwenk, K. L.; Billieu, S. C.; Crutcher, K. A. Sympathetic response to intracranial NGF infusion in the absence of afferent input: axonal sprouting without neurotransmitter production. Exp-Neurol. 1996 Sep; 141(1): 57-66; ISSN: 0014-4886.
UNITED-STATES. The anatomical relationships between postganglionic sympathetic neurons, their targets, and their afferent inputs provide an opportunity to experimentally distinguish between the anterograde and the retrograde influences on neuronal responsivity to growth factors. In the present study, the effect of decentralization of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) on the NGF-induced sympathetic sprouting response by mature cerebrovascular axons was assessed in young adult rats. Growth by the perivascular axons associated with the intradural segment of the internal carotid artery was quantified using electron microscopy and changes in norepinephrine (NE) levels were monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection. The mean number of perivascular axons observed in the treatment group receiving decentralization of the SCG prior to NGF infusion was not significantly different from that in NGF-infused cases, suggesting that central input was not required for axonal growth of intact sympathetic neurons. However, decentralization prevented the typical NGF-induced increase in perivascular NE associated with the ICA, indicating that afferent input was necessary for the neurotransmitter increase to occur. Thus, afferent input appears to play a role in the regulation of neurotransmitter expression of the sprouted axons but is not required for trophic factor-induced axonal growth.. 0; 0; 51-41-2.
60. Isozaki, E.; Naito, A.; Horiguchi, S.; Kawamura, R.; Hayashida, T.; Tanabe, H. Early diagnosis and stage classification of vocal cord abductor paralysis in patients with multiple system atrophy. J-Neurol-Neurosurg-Psychiatry. 1996 Apr; 60(4): 399-402; ISSN: 0022-3050.
ENGLAND. OBJECTIVES: Vocal cord abductor paralysis (VCAP) is a life threatening complication which may cause nocturnal sudden death in patients with multiple system atrophy. However, the early diagnosis of VCAP is often difficult to make on routine laryngoscopy performed during wakefulness, as stridor, which is the sole symptom of VCAP in the early stage, develops only during sleep. The aim was to investigate laryngeal dysfunction in patients with multiple system atrophy while awake and asleep. METHODS: Seven patients with multiple system atrophy with nocturnal stridor and five control patients were studied. Vocal cord movement was analysed by laryngoscopy while the patients were awake and also during sleep induced by intravenous diazepam. RESULTS: When awake, for the seven patients with multiple system atrophy normal movement of the vocal cords occurred in three, mild abduction restriction in three, and paradoxical movement in one. When asleep, however, all showed obvious paradoxical movement with high pitched inspiratory stridor. In controls, there were no differences in the vocal cord movement between wakefulness and sleep. From these findings, VCAP could be divided into four stages: stage 0 (normal) with normal vocal cord movement during both wakefulness and sleep, stage 1 (mild VCAP) with normal movement during wakefulness and paradoxical movement during sleep, stage 2 (moderately severe VCAP) with abduction restriction during wakefulness and paradoxical movement during sleep, and stage 3 (severe VCAP) with an almost midline position for the vocal cords during both wakefulness and sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Laryngoscopy during sleep can disclose subclinical VCAP, making an early diagnosis of VCAP in patients with multiple system atrophy. Stage 2 of VCAP seems to be a suitable stage for tracheostomy in patients with multiple system atrophy.
61. Jones, C. M. ABC of work related disorders. Occupational hearing loss and vibration induced disorders. BMJ. 1996 Jul 27; 313(7051): 223-6; ISSN: 0959-8138.
ENGLAND.
62. Jordan, D. R.; Yu, E. The ciliary ganglion. Ophthalmic-Surg-Lasers. 1996 Jan; 27(1): 77-8; ISSN: 1082-3069.
UNITED-STATES.
63. Josephs, L. G.; Menzoian, J. O. Technical considerations in endoscopic cervicothoracic sympathectomy. Arch-Surg. 1996 Apr; 131(4): 355-9; ISSN: 0004-0010.
UNITED-STATES. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the technique and results of videoendoscopic cervicothoracic sympathectomy in patients who have reflex sympathetic dystrophy or hyperhidrosis of the upper extremity. DESIGN: Clinical case series. The cohort underwent diagnostic evaluation and surgical intervention, and had a mean postoperative follow-up of 14 months. SETTING: An urban, university-affiliated tertiary referral medical center. PATIENTS: A consecutive, referred sample. Seven of the nine patients had reflex sympathetic dystrophy and two had bilateral upper extremity hyperhidrosis. Five were women and four were men, with a mean age of 44 years. INTERVENTIONS: Ten thoracoscopic sympathectomies, encompassing the lower third of the stellate ganglion to the fourth thoracic ganglion, in nine patients. The technique is performed under general anesthesia, using three 1-cm incisions for instrument placement. Patients had bilateral hand temperature probes intraoperatively. Six of the procedures were in the left hemithorax, four in the right. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relief of the symptoms for which the patient was referred. Perfection and alteration of the technique also were measured. RESULTS: The average operating time was 91 minutes. The average length of hospital stay was 3.5 days. The mean increase in skin temperature was 2.4 degrees C. Nine of 10 patients had partial or complete relief of symptoms. One patient with severe dystrophic reflex sympathetic dystrophy has persistent symptoms. One patient had a pneumothorax for 48 hours. Horner's syndrome did not develop in any patient. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic cervicothoracic sympathectomy is an effective, minimally invasive therapy for upper extremity reflex sympathetic dystrophy and hyperhidrosis.
64. Kamal, A. Assessment of autonomic function using complex demodulation and posture entrainment techniques: an application to normal subjects and diabetic patients. Front-Med-Biol-Eng. 1996; 7(1): 1-10; ISSN: 0921-3775.
NETHERLANDS. The assessment of autonomic nervous systems (sympathetic and parasympathetic) using the method of complex demodulation and posture entrainment are presented. The heart rate variability signals were derived from the ECG of normal subjects and diabetic patients in both supine and standing positions. The method of complex demodulation is employed on the heart rate variability data for both groups. Two significant bands in the heart rate variability spectrum were investigated by this technique. The amplitude of the high frequency band (0.181-0.4 Hz) showed the parasympathetic changes in normal subjects and, to a lesser extent, in the diabetic patients. The amplitude of the low frequency band (0.03-0.15 Hz) showed the influence of sympathetic changes in both groups. The complex demodulation method indicated the effect of high frequency and low frequency bands on both divisions of autonomic function in regulating the heart rate variability in both normal subjects and diabetic patients. In the supine position, the parasympathetic and sympathetic were balanced. On standing (posture entrainment), the high frequency band showed a decrease in amplitude due to decreased parasympathetic activity, while the low frequency band showed an increase in amplitude, which indicated an increase in sympathetic activity. These patterns were repeated in both normal subjects and diabetic patients. It seems that the use of posture entrainment combined with the complex demodulation method is significant to characterize, assess and quantify the autonomic function in health and disease.
65. Kanayama, N.; She, L.; Maehara, K.; Kajiwara, Y.; Terao, T. Induction of HELLP syndrome-like biochemical parameters by stimulation of the celiac ganglion in rats. J-Hypertens. 1996 Apr; 14(4): 453-9; ISSN: 0263-6352.
ENGLAND. OBJECTIVE: An animal model of HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome was developed by means of stimulation of the celiac ganglion in rats. METHODS: The celiac ganglion in pregnant or non-pregnant rats was exposed to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) (500 micrograms/50 microliters), potassium chloride (0.2 mol/l/50 microliters), or saline solution (50 microliters). In another group of rats the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta was exposed to LPS (500 micrograms/50 microliters). Blood pressure, platelet count, hematocrit, serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine were measured for 6 h after treatment. Histopathologic studies were also performed in these rats. RESULTS: A significant increase in blood pressure, AST, ALT, LDH, norepinephrine, and epinephrine was found in the endotoxin-treated pregnant rats compared with control rats treated with the saline solution. A significant decrease in platelet count was found in endotoxin-treated pregnant rats compared with the control rats. A significant increase in blood pressure, AST, norepinephrine, and epinephrine was found in the potassium chloride-treated pregnant rats compared with control rats. Blood pressure and biochemical parameters remained unchanged in the pregnant rats treated with LPS at the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta, as in those treated with saline at the celiac ganglion. Histologic examination of liver tissues treated with LPS or potassium chloride showed varying degrees of ischemic necrosis of hepatocytes similar to that observed in the human HELLP syndrome. Blood pressure, biochemical parameters, and histologic findings in non-pregnant rats were almost the same as those in pregnant rats. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that exogenous stimulation of the celiac ganglion causes an increase in the blood pressure and liver ischemia, resulting in HELLP syndrome-like disease in pregnant and non-pregnant rats.. 0.
66. Kim, J. H.; Ro, Y. B. Role of muscarinic receptors in ganglionic transmission in rabbits. J-Auton-Nerv-Syst. 1996 Jan 5; 56(3): 201-6; ISSN: 0165-1838.
NETHERLANDS. The role of muscarinic receptors in sympathetic ganglionic impulse transmission has not been clearly recognized in whole animal studies. However, in certain situations, the muscarinic receptors may participate in modulating blood pressure, and there is thus some evidence for their role in ganglionic transmission. Pirenzepine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, elicited no significant changes in renal nerve activity (RNA) and blood pressure (BP) in normal rabbits; however, chlorisondamine, a ganglionic nicotinic receptor antagonist, caused marked decreases in RNA and BP in normal rabbits, reaching the nadir in 2 to 3 min and gradually recovering thereafter. In the presence of chlorisondamine, pirenzepine decreased both RNA and BP, but the recovery of chlorisondamine-induced decreases of both RNA and BP was attenuated by pirenzepine. McN-A-343, a muscarinic receptor agonist, caused a transient hypotensive effect. In the presence of chlorisondamine, McN-A-343 increased both RNA and BP in dose-related fashion, and the dose-response curves of McN-A-343 shifted to the right in the presence of pirenzepine. These results suggest that in sympathetic ganglia blockade of ganglionic nicotinic receptors activates muscarinic receptors which participate in regulation of peripheral sympathetic nerve activity and of blood pressure.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 28797-61-7; 55-45-8; 59-42-7; 69-27-2.
67. Klimaschewski, L.; Grohmann, I.; Heym, C. Target-dependent plasticity of galanin and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the rat superior cervical ganglion after nerve lesion and re-innervation. Neuroscience. 1996 May; 72(1): 265-72; ISSN: 0306-4522.
UNITED-STATES. The expression of the neuropeptides galanin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is increased in subpopulations of sympathetic neurons after axotomy of the rat superior cervical ganglion. We investigated whether postganglionic neurons innervating different targets show a prevalence for any of the two peptides in response to carotid nerve lesion. Before the respective postganglionic axons were crushed close to the ganglion, postganglionic neurons projecting either to the iris (through the internal carotid nerve) or to the submandibular gland (through both carotid branches) were identified by the retrograde tracer Fast Blue. Galanin and VIP immunoreactivities were demonstrated two and 30 days after crush and after successful regeneration of the lesioned neurons (60 days). In control ganglia, both peptides were detected in a few gland- but not in iris-projecting neurons. However, two days after crush of the respective carotid nerves, 14% of neurons within the iris and 46% within the gland population were immunoreactive for galanin. The percentage of neurons immunoreactive for VIP was significantly lower in both populations: only 3.5% of neurons projecting to the iris and 23% of the gland-projecting neuron population exhibited this peptide. After 30 days, the percentage of galanin- and VIP-positive neurons projecting to the submandibular gland was reduced (24% and 5.7%, respectively), whereas the proportion of galanin-immunoreactive neurons further increased within the iris population (55%), indicating that some neurons express galanin at later stages after the lesion. At 60 days after the crush, the percentage of galanin- or VIP-immunoreactive neurons had decreased to control levels within those neuron populations that re-innervated the iris or submandibular gland, although the total number of neurons exhibiting galanin or VIP was still increased within the ganglion, suggesting that re-establishment of target contact may play a role in down-regulation of both peptides.. 37221-79-7; 88813-36-9.
68. Kluin, K. J.; Gilman, S.; Lohman, M.; Junck, L. Characteristics of the dysarthria of multiple system atrophy. Arch-Neurol. 1996 Jun; 53(6): 545-8; ISSN: 0003-9942.
UNITED-STATES. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the dysarthria in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA). DESIGN: Motor speech examinations, consisting of oral motor, oral agility, and perceptual speech analysis, were performed on 46 patients with MSA. SETTING: University department of neurology referral center. RESULTS: All patients had dysarthria with combinations of hypokinesia, ataxia, or spasticity. Thirty-two patients had all 3 components, 13 had 2 components, and 1 had only 1 component. In most patients the hypokinetic components were the most severe. Hypokinetic components predominated in 22 patients (48%), whereas ataxic components predominated in 16 (35%), and spastic components in 5 (11%). In 1 patient (2%) the hypokinetic and spastic components were equal and greater than the ataxic components, and in 1 patient (2%) the hypokinetic and ataxic components were equal and greater than the spastic components. One patient (2%) had only ataxic dysarthria. The predominant type of dysarthria corresponded well to the subtype of MSA. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of a mixed dysarthria with combinations of hypokinetic, ataxic, and spastic components is consistent with both the overall clinical and the neuropathologic changes in MSA. Motor speech examination can provide helpful information in evaluating patients who might have MSA.
69. Konishi, T. Developmental and activity-dependent changes in K+ currents in satellite glial cells in mouse superior cervical ganglion. Brain-Res. 1996 Feb 5; 708(1-2): 7-15; ISSN: 0006-8993.
NETHERLANDS. Voltage-gated K+ currents were recorded from freshly dissociated satellite glial cells wrapping around ganglion cells in mouse superior cervical ganglion (SCG) by whole-cell recordings of patch clamp techniques. Both inward and outward K+ currents during membrane hyperpolarization and depolarization were observed in these glial cells. The current-voltage relation of these K+ currents became almost linear in cells obtained more than 4 weeks after birth. The magnitude of the density of inward K+ currents, which were elicited during membrane hyperpolarization and were eliminated by external barium, progressively increased during the first month after birth. This developmental increase in the magnitude of inward K+ current density was not affected by decentralization of SCG done by transection of cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) 5 days after birth. In adult mice, the magnitude of the inward K+ current density decreased after chronic conduction blockade of CST by local application of tetrodotoxin. On the other hand, the magnitude of the inward K+ current density increased after daily intraperitoneal injection of reserpine and this increase was abolished by pre-treatment of decentralization of SCG. These results suggested that preganglionic innervation was not prerequisite for developmental increase in the inward K+ currents and preganglionic neuronal activity upregulates the inward K+ currents in adult mice. Neuronal regulation of glial K+ channel expression would assist in K+ clearance from periganglionic space to maintain neuronal activity.. 0; 130-95-0; 4368-28-9; 504-24-5; 7440-39-3.
70. Kostic, N.; Secen, S. [Response of pancreatic polypeptide to a protein test meal in the evaluation of diabetic autonomic neuropathy]. Odgovor pankreaticnog polipeptida na proteinski test obrok u proceni dijabetesne autonomne neuropatije. Med-Pregl. 1996; 49(5-6): 177-9; ISSN: 0025-8105.
YUGOSLAVIA. In normal subjects, the early human pancreatic polypeptide increase induced by food is mainly dependent on vagal activity. Parasympathetic function and plasma human pancreatic polypeptide response to a protein rich meal were evaluated in 105 insulin nondependent diabetic patients: 20 only with autonomic neuropathy (group A), diagnosed by clonidin test and tests of cardiovascular reflexes, 35 patients with neurophysiological evidence of polyneuropathy (group B), 30 patients with autonomic neuropathy and polyneuropathy (group C) and 20 patients without any sign of neuropathy (group D). Plasma human pancreatic polypeptide levels were determined by radioimmunoassay using an anti-human pancreatic polypeptide antiserum. Blood was taken at 0, 45 and 60 minutes after the beginning of the meal. In groups A and C, the meal induced human pancreatic polypeptide increase was significantly lower than in group D (45. min:, 65.8 + 16.2(A), 54.0 + 19.2 pg/ml (C) in regard to 130.0 + 27.6 pg/ml (D); 60, min: 55.2 + 15.6 (A), 37.0 + 11.2 pg/ml (C) in regard to 121.7 + 15.4 pg/ml (D). In group B patients had a marked increase of peptide, similar to that in diabetics without neuropathy. These results suggest that diabetic autonomic neuropathy is associated with the dysfunction of human pancreatic polypeptide secretion and that evaluation of his response to test meal may be a sensitive and simple method for the assessment of parasympathetic impairment in diabetics.. 0; 0; 59763-91-6.
71. Krassioukov, A. V.; Weaver, L. C. Morphological changes in sympathetic preganglionic neurons after spinal cord injury in rats. Neuroscience. 1996 Jan; 70(1): 211-25; ISSN: 0306-4522.
UNITED-STATES. Spinal cord injury results in abnormal sympathetic control of the cardiovascular system, perhaps because of reactions of sympathetic preganglionic neurons to loss of their supraspinal afferent inputs. We investigated morphological changes in sympathetic preganglionic neurons in rats one week after midthoracic spinal cord hemisection or complete transection and one month after complete transection. Morphological changes in adrenal sympathetic preganglionic neurons retrogradely-labelled by cholera toxin were examined as well as changes in other thoracic preganglionic neurons identified by their expression of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase. Reactive astrogliosis around these neurons was determined by assessing changes in immunoreactivity to glial fibrillary acidic protein. Changes in immunoreactivity to the synaptic vesicular protein synaptophysin were also evaluated in these areas. One week after transection, a comparison of sympathetic preganglionic neurons rostral and caudal to the lesion revealed significant loss of dendrites and decreased cell size caudal to the injury. Reactive astrocytes surrounded sympathetic preganglionic neurons as far as six segments below the transection. Constitutive expression of synaptophysin was observed rostral to the cord hemisection and synaptophysin expression was increased caudal to the lesion by seven days after the injury. One month after transection, the dendritic arbor of preganglionic neurons was re-established and the intensity of the reactive gliosis around the preganglionic neurons was diminished throughout the thoracic cord. These findings demonstrate that sympathetic preganglionic neurons undergo significant atrophy within a week after deafferentation and that this reaction is reversed within one month. Reactive astrogliosis could contribute to plastic changes in the neuropil that affect the sympathetic neurons, and the enhanced expression of synaptophysin in the gray matter caudal to a cord injury is consistent with fibre outgrowth leading to new synapse formation. Such re-organization could be one of the mechanisms for disorders in blood pressure control that occur after spinal cord injury.
72. Laghi Pasini, F.; Pastorelli, M.; Beermann, U.; de Candia, S.; Gallo, S.; Blardi, P.; Di Perri, T. Peripheral neuropathy associated with ischemic vascular disease of the lower limbs. Angiology. 1996 Jun; 47(6): 569-77; ISSN: 0003-3197.
UNITED-STATES. This paper deals with the possible identification of somatic and autonomic nerve damage in patients with peripheral obliterative arterial disease (POAD) at different stages of the disease, with a well-reproducible technique like electroneurographic evaluation of nerve conduction. In 64 patients with intermittent claudication, 19 patients with pain at rest, and 7 patients with trophic ulcers, electroneurographic evaluation of motor (tibial and peroneal) and sensory (superficial peroneal and sural) nerve conduction was performed. The median nerve (motor and sensory) was used as control. A severe impairment of sural and superficial peroneal nerve velocities was evident in many claudicant patients and in all patients with pain at rest and trophic ulcers, with a progression in the conduction abnormalities in advanced stages of the disease. Motor nerve conduction showed only minor reductions in patients with claudication and pain at rest, although some of them did show very poor velocity values. In 21 patients with intermittent claudication and sensory nerve abnormalities, the autonomic fibers activity, evaluated by the skin sympathetic response (SSR) test, was significantly depressed, thus suggesting an involvement of the local autonomic system in the ischemic disease. A correlation exists between the severity of the somatic nerve damage and the stage of the vascular insufficiency. However, in the group of claudicant patients, the evidence of similar ischemic threshold (claudication distance) may be associated with a marked difference in the amount of somatic nerve damage. The somatic and autonomic nerve alterations may play a relevant role in the progression of the disease toward critical limb ischemia.
73. Landau, W. M. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy [letter; comment]. Mayo-Clin-Proc. 1996 May; 71(5): 524-5; ISSN: 0025-6196.
Note: Comment on: Mayo Clin Proc 1995 Nov;70(11):1124-6.
UNITED-STATES.
74. Lecci, A.; Patacchini, R.; De Giorgio, R.; Corinaldesi, R.; Theodorsson, E.; Giuliani, S.; Santicioli, P.; Maggi, C. A. Functional, biochemical and anatomical changes in the rat urinary bladder induced by perigangliar injection of colchicine. Neuroscience. 1996 Mar; 71(1): 285-96; ISSN: 0306-4522.
UNITED-STATES. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of blocking the axonal transport of sensory neuropeptides, by local injection of colchicine at pelvic ganglia level, on the sensory and efferent functions mediated by capsaicin-sensitive primary afferent neurons innervating the rat urinary bladder. Bilateral injection of colchicine in the prostatic tissue underneath the pelvic ganglia of male rats induced a time-dependent reduction (maximal at 72 h, 100% reduction) of the in vitro contraction of the bladder strips induced by capsaicin (1 microM). The response to electrical field stimulation was also reduced, although to a lesser extent. The direct contractions induced by substance P (100 nM) or KCl (80 mM) were not affected by colchicine pretreatment. In vivo, perigangliar injection of colchicine (72 h before) greatly increased bladder capacity, and reduced the amplitude of micturition contractions and micturition frequency. Capsaicin-induced plasma protein extravasation was abolished in the urinary bladder and reduced in the distal, but not the proximal ureter of colchicine-treated rats. Topical application of capsaicin onto the urinary bladder or onto the stomach induced a cardiovascular pressor reflex in urethane-anaesthetized, spinalized rats. Colchicine pretreatment reduced (by about 50%) the pressor response elicited by chemonociceptive stimulation of the bladder but not that arising from the stomach. Colchicine pretreatment did not produce overt changes of nerve profiles immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide- or tachykinin-like material in the rat urinary bladder. A more intense staining of nerve fibres positive for calcitonin-gene related peptide-like immunoreactivity and tachykinin-like immunoreactivity was observed in pelvic ganglia of colchicine-pretreated rats. No changes were detected in the dorsal horns of spinal cord segments where pelvic bladder afferents project (L6-S1). Colchicine pretreatment reduced, but did not abolish, bladder levels of substance P-, neurokinin A-, calcitonin gene-related peptide- and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity. However, vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity levels were not changed. The capsaicin-evoked (1 microM) release of calcitonin gene-related peptide was abolished in capsaicin as well as in colchicine-pretreated animals. The present findings demonstrate that local treatment of pelvic ganglia with colchicine totally eliminates the "efferent" functions of capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves in the urinary bladder. Although reduced, tissue levels of sensory neuropeptides are not completely depleted, thus indicating the existence of a releasable versus non-releasable pool. The chemically induced blockade of axoplasmic transport also induces a limited impairment of the sensory function of capsaicin-sensitive afferents, and of the parasympathetic efferent system.. 0; 404-86-4; 64-86-8.
75. Lechevalier, D.; Dubayle, P.; Crozes, P.; Magnin, J.; Gaillard, J. F.; Boyer, B.; Pharaboz, C.; Eulry, F. [Magnetic resonance imaging in the warm and cold forms of algodystrophy of the foot]. L'imagerie par resonance magnetique dans les formes chaudes et froides de l'algodystrophie du pied. J-Radiol. 1996 Jun; 77(6): 411-7; ISSN: 0221-0363.
FRANCE. PURPOSE: To report magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the foot. METHODS: Retrospective study of 22 algodystrophies of the foot, in warm phase in 17 cases, in cold phase in 5. RESULTS: Algodystrophy in warm phase: Bone medullary abnormalities were noted in 17 cases (decrease of signal intensity was found in T1 weighted images, increase of signal intensity in T2 weighted images, in T1 and T2 with fat-saturation, in T1 with gadolinium), located at the increased uptake technetium site in 16 cases. T1 and T2 weighted images with fat-saturation and T1 with fat-saturation after injection of gadolinium were pathological in all cases, T1 was normal in 2 cases. Soft tissues abnormalities were noted in 11 cases, joint effusion in 8 cases, synovial hypertrophy enhanced by gadolinium in 2 cases and a subchondral linear area of hypointense signal on T1 and T2 images was not present after gadolinium injection in 1 case. Six fractures were detected. Algodystrophy in cold phase: no bone edema, no synovial hypertrophy, no joint effusion, no soft tissues abnormalities, no fractures are detected. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the MRI has a considerable value in diagnosis during the warm phase of reflex sympatetic dystrophy of the foot. The normal MRI findings during the cold phase could be important to understand its etiology.
76. Lee, B. Y.; Da Silva, M. C.; Aquino, Chu G.; Herz, B. L. Surgery of the sympathetic nervous system. J-Spinal-Cord-Med. 1996 Jan; 19(1): 20-6; ISSN: 1079-0268.
UNITED-STATES. This article reviews the innervation of the arterial system of the lower extremity, lumbar sympathectomy in vascular surgery, lumbar sympathectomy for digital gangrene and in the prevention of major amputation of the lower extremity and substance P's role in neurogenic inflammatory modulation. Long-term results of lumbar sympathectomy and direct arterial bypass surgery have also been reviewed. In addition to the pilomotor, sudomotor and vasomotor actions of the sympathetic nervous system via its neurotransmitters, the molecular basis of the chronic neurogenic inflammatory reaction have been addressed with special attention to the discovery of substance P in the lumbar sympathetic chain and ganglia of human beings.. 0; 33507-63-0.
77. Lee, H. C.; Coulter, C. L.; Adickes, E. D.; Porterfield, J.; Robertson, D.; Bravo, E.; Pettinger, W. A. Autonomic ganglionitis with severe hypertension, migraine, and episodic but fatal hypotension. Neurology. 1996 Sep; 47(3): 817-21; ISSN: 0028-3878.
UNITED-STATES. We report the clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical features of a severe hypertensive patient with recurrent migraine-induced hypotension. The patient died of migraine-induced vasomotor paralysis despite prompt institutions of fluid and sympathomimetic and parasympatholytic agents. Postmortem study revealed autonomic ganglionitis and neuritis.
78. Levey, M. S.; Jacob, M. H. Changes in the regulatory effects of cell-cell interactions on neuronal AChR subunit transcript levels after synapse formation. J-Neurosci. 1996 Nov 1; 16(21): 6878-85; ISSN: 0270-6474.
UNITED-STATES. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) mediate excitatory synaptic transmission in the chick ciliary ganglion. AChR protein and mRNA levels are increased by both innervation and retrograde signals from target tissues during synapse formation. We now show that AChR alpha3, beta4, and alpha5 subunit transcript levels stop increasing after synaptogenesis. Moreover, maintenance of these mRNA levels requires the continued presence of regulatory signals from both pre- and postganglionic tissues. Unilateral preganglionic denervation or postganglionic axotomy causes declines in alpha3, beta4, and alpha5 transcript levels, ranging from twofold to 3. 5-fold, relative to contralateral control neuron values in newly hatched chicks. The reductions are not merely an injury response; cbeta4-tubulin mRNA levels are not affected by either axotomy or denervation. Further, similar decreases in AChR mRNA levels are observed after local application of colchicine to the postganglionic nerves, which blocks fast transport without disturbing axonal integrity. These results also demonstrate a developmental change in the regulatory effects of target tissues. Reductions in alpha5 mRNA levels caused by axotomy or colchicine treatment after peripheral synapse formation contrast with the lack of an effect on alpha5 when synapse formation with the target tissue is prevented. The ability of the target tissue to regulate alpha5 mRNA levels after synaptogenesis is interesting, because this subunit may be necessary for the formation of high-conductance AChRs. The specific regulatory effects of target tissues and inputs at different developmental stages demonstrate that neurons continually depend on signals from their pre- and postsynaptic tissues to accomplish mature levels of AChR subunit expression and optimal functioning of that neuronal circuit.. 0; 0; 64-86-8.
79. Lichtensteiger, W.; Hanimann, B.; Siegrist, W.; Eberle, A. N. Region- and stage-specific patterns of melanocortin receptor ontogeny in rat central nervous system, cranial nerve ganglia and sympathetic ganglia. Brain-Res-Dev-Brain-Res. 1996 Jan 22; 91(1): 93-110; ISSN: 0165-3806.
NETHERLANDS. Observations on developmental actions of melanotropic peptides in nervous system have been difficult to interpret in the absence of data on receptor ontogeny. We investigated binding of [125I]Nle4,D-Phe7-alpha-MSH ([125I]NDP) in developing Long Evans rats from gestational day (E) 13 by quantitative autoradiography. Regional [125I]NDP binding characteristics were assessed by competition experiments in early postnatal brain. The study revealed region- and stage-specific, often transient ontogenetic patterns. Sympathetic ganglia exhibit high [125I]NDP binding from E13, with a peak in superior cervical ganglion at E16-E18. The first central [125I]NDP binding sites transiently appear in parts of thalamus between E13 and E15. The early fetal period is characterized by prominent peaks of receptor density in somatosensory and viscerosensory nuclei (trigeminal sensory nuclei, solitary tract nucleus), paralleled by receptor expression in 5th, 7th, 9th and 10th cranial nerve ganglia. During late fetal life, receptor density peaks in dorsal motor nucleus of vagus and inferior olive; binding sites transiently appear in cerebellum. Caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and septohippocampal nucleus show a high perinatal maximum. Starting with late fetal piriform cortex, [125I]NDP binding peaks sequentially in cerebral cortical areas, with highest levels in entorhinal cortex. Preoptic, septal, hypothalamic and amygdaloid areas known for elevated receptor densities in adulthood, exhibit a slow, peri- and postnatal receptor ontogeny. Temporal relations to regional developmental processes support the idea of a role of melanocortins during ontogeny.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 581-05-5; 75921-69-6.
80. Lin, T.; Zhu, X.; Capehart, C.; Stone, R. A. The ciliary ganglion and vitreous cavity shape. Curr-Eye-Res. 1996 May; 15(5): 453-60; ISSN: 0271-3683.
ENGLAND. PURPOSE. To learn the influence of the ciliary ganglion on the postnatal growth of eyes with unimpaired visual input and of eyes beneath an image diffusing goggle. METHODS. Newborn chicks received unilateral ciliary ganglionectomy or unilateral sham operation and were reared either with or without a goggle ipsilateral to the surgical procedure. Ocular refractions and ultrasound measurements were made on anesthetized chicks; eyes enucleated postmortem were measured in axial and equatorial dimensions with calipers and studied histologically. RESULTS. Excessive growth of open eyes in the equatorial dimensions followed ciliary ganglionectomy and became more pronounced as the chicks grew older. There was only a modest increase in axial growth. Ganglionectomy also induced relative hyperopia; lens thinning contributed to this effect and likely was a direct result of disrupted parasympathetic input to the ciliary muscle. Ganglionectomy also slightly increased the thickness of the choroid in the posterior pole but not in more peripheral locations. CONCLUSION. We conclude that the ciliary ganglion exerts an inhibitory influence on the postnatal growth of open eyes; the main effect is in the equatorial dimension of the vitreous cavity, with a smaller effect on axial length. Ciliary ganglionectomy exerted minimal influence on the development of experimental myopia, known to be induced by the goggle regimen. The amount of equatorial expansion in goggle-induced myopia was greater than after ganglionectomy alone, indicating that other factors besides the ciliary ganglion can influence the equatorial dimension of the vitreous cavity.
81. Liu, D. T.; Reid, M. T.; Bridges, D. C.; Rush, R. A. Denervation, but not decentralization, reduces nerve growth factor content of the mesenteric artery. J-Neurochem. 1996 Jun; 66(6): 2295-9; ISSN: 0022-3042.
UNITED-STATES. In the present study we applied an improved nerve growth factor (NGF) extraction method to examine the effects of denervation and sympathetic decentralization on NGF levels in vascular tissue. Adult male Wistar Kyoto rats underwent mesenteric arterial denervation or splanchnic nerve transection. Four days after operation, animals were killed, and the mesenteric artery and coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglia were removed. The arterial adventitia was stripped from the media to measure NGF levels in nerve and smooth muscle separately. A high concentration of NGF was detected in the normal artery, 90% of which was in the adventitial layer. Surgical denervation significantly reduced the NGF levels in the artery and ganglia by 78 and 71%, respectively. However, within the artery the level of NGF was reduced in the adventitia but not in the media. Thus, the large reduction of NGF content resulted from the loss of nerve plexus from the artery. In contrast, decentralization did not alter the NGF content in the artery, in either the adventitia or media. Our results are in marked contrast to previous studies reporting elevated levels of NGF following denervation. This discrepancy is explained by the ability of our new procedure to extract much greater amounts of NGF from the tissue.. 0; 0; 368-16-1.
82. Longshore, R. C.; O'Brien, D. P.; Johnson, G. C.; Grooters, A. M.; Kroll, R. A. Dysautonomia in dogs: a retrospective study. J-Vet-Intern-Med. 1996 May; 10(3): 103-9; ISSN: 0891-6640.
UNITED-STATES. Dysautonomia was diagnosed in 11 young (median age, 14-months), predominantly medium- to large-breed dogs from 1988 to 1995. Clinical signs caused by autonomic dysfunction of the urinary, alimentary, and ocular systems were most common. Dysuria, mydriasis, absence of pupillary light reflexes, decreased tear production, dry mucous membranes, weight loss, and decreased anal tone were present in over 75% of affected dogs. Ocular pharmacological testing with a dilute (0.1%) solution of pilocarpine was used to demonstrate iris sphincter receptor function in all dogs. A low-dose (0.0375 mg/kg s.c.) bethanechol test and pharmacological testing with phenylephrine and epinephrine also demonstrated cholinergic and adrenergic receptor function in 4 dogs. All dogs died or were euthanized as a results of autonomic dysfunction. Neuronal depletion, with associated gliosis and minimal inflammation were noted histologically in the autonomic ganglia of each dog. The pelvic, ciliary, celiac, cranial cervical, and cranial and caudal mesenteric ganglia were affected in all dogs. The cause of autonomic failure in these dogs was not determined.
83. Lopez Figueroa, M. O.; Moller, M. Localization of NADPH-diaphorase in the rat pineal gland: an experimental enzyme histochemical study. J-Pineal-Res. 1996 Apr; 20(3): 157-63; ISSN: 0742-3098.
DENMARK. We have used the NADPH-diaphorase enzyme histochemical technique to localize the enzyme nitric oxide synthase in the rat pineal gland. Some scattered NADPH-diaphorase positive pineal cells were present, mostly in the rostral part of the gland close to the pineal stalk. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase positive nerve fibers were located in the pineal capsule, in the connective tissue septae of the gland, and also intraparenchymally between the pinealocytes. Most nerve fibers were endowed with boutons en passage. These nerve fibers remained in the gland after bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglia verifying a non-sympathetic nature of the NADPH-diaphorase positive nerve fibers. Pineal blood vessels also exhibited NADPH-diaphorase activity. The number and distribution of NADPH-diaphorase containing cells and nerve fibers were not affected by bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy. Furthermore, animals sacrificed during day or night exhibited the same NADPH-diaphorase pattern. The present investigation provides the first morphological evidence for the presence of NADPH-diaphorase activity in rat pineal cells, suggesting an influence of nitric oxide on pineal metabolism. Furthermore, the presence of NADPH-diaphorase activity in the pineal blood vessels as well as in the perivascular nerve fiber suggests an influence of nitric oxide on the blood flow to the gland and/or the metabolism of the pineal cells adjacent to the blood vessels.. EC 1.6.99.1; 10102-43-9.
84. Lopez Figueroa, M. O.; Ravault, J. P.; Cozzi, B.; Moller, M. Presence of nitric oxide synthase in the sheep pineal gland: an experimental immunohistochemical study. Neuroendocrinology. 1996 Apr; 63(4): 384-92; ISSN: 0028-3835.
SWITZERLAND. By use of immunohistochemistry, a dense network of nerve fibres immunoreactive to the neuronal form of nitric oxide synthase (NOS, subtype I) was demonstrated in the pineal gland of sheep. The NOS-immunoreactive fibres were located in the pineal capsule and the connective tissue septae of the gland, but fibres were also present intraparenchymally between the pinealocytes. NOS-immunoreactive nerve fibres were still present in the gland 1 month after bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglia. By use of an antibody directed against endothelial NOS (subtype III), only pineal blood vessels were stained. This staining was still present in the ganglionectomized animals. No difference was found in the staining between the control animals and the ganglionectomized ones. The pinealocytes were not stained, neither by the antibody against neuronal NOS nor by the antibody against endothelial NOS. By use of double immunohistochemical stainings, NOS was in many nerve fibres colocalized with vasoactive intestinal peptide. Western blot analysis of supernatant fractions of sheep pineal homogenates showed the presence of a band corresponding to the neuronal NOS. Thus, the present data show a prominent innervation of the sheep pineal gland with NOS-immunoreactive nerve fibres with their origin outside the sympathetic nervous system, indicating an influence of NO on the pinealocyte metabolism from non-sympathetic nerve fibres in this species. The presence of NOS in both perivascular nerve fibres and the endothelium of the blood vessels of the gland suggests a role of NO in the regulation of the circulation of the sheep pineal gland.. EC 1.14.13.39; 0; 37221-79-7.
85. Luft, D. [Diabetic cardiovascular neuropathy]. Diabetische kardiovaskulare Neuropathie. Z-Arztl-Fortbild-Jena. 1996 Apr; 90(2): 139-43; ISSN: 0044-2178.
GERMANY. Impairment of the autonomic nervous system is frequently detectable in diabetic patients. Symptoms and signs are less often observed but if present may be very important with regard to quality of life, metabolic control, and prognosis. Currently used methods to detect disturbances of the autonomic innervation of the cardiovascular system are easily performed, noninvasive, reliable and reproducible. They are not very time consuming and require only standard technical equipment allowing the quick identification of patients at risk. Damage of the cardiovascular autonomic nerve function may explain apparently disparate complaints and signs, i.e. orthostatic hypotension, painless myocardial ischemia, complications during anesthesia, postprandial hypotension and development of the diabetic food syndrome. The diagnosis of asymptomatic cardiovascular neuropathy should always induce attempts to intensify diabetes treatment because better metabolic control may improve or at least stop deterioration of nerve function.
86. Lumme, A.; Vanhatalo, S.; Soinila, S. Axonal transport of nitric oxide synthase in autonomic nerves. J-Auton-Nerv-Syst. 1996 Jan 5; 56(3): 207-14; ISSN: 0165-1838.
NETHERLANDS. By using mechanical nerve ligation or nerve pinch technique, we provide evidence that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is transported in the preganglionic sympathetic axons, while postganglionic axons lack NOS transport. This finding corroborates the preganglionic sympathetic terminal as the site of NO synthesis, which is known to affect ganglionic transmission. Both vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) containing neurons of the nodose ganglion transport NOS in their axons. These results therefore suggest that NOergic innervation of autonomically innervated tissues is of parasympathetic and/or sensory, rather than sympathetic, origin.. EC 1.14.13.39; EC 1.6.99.1; 33507-63-0; 37221-79-7.
87. Lynch, T.; Sima, A. A. Glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy [letter]. Ann-Neurol. 1996 Mar; 39(3): 416; ISSN: 0364-5134.
UNITED-STATES.
88. Ma, R. C.; Szurszewski, J. H. Facilitating effect of CCK on nicotinic neurotransmission in cat pancreatic ganglion. Am-J-Physiol. 1996 Mar; 270(3 Pt 1): G526-34; ISSN: 0002-9513.
UNITED-STATES. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of cholecystokinin (CCK)-like peptides in nerve terminals surrounding ganglion neurons of the cat pancreas. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on ganglionic transmission. Recordings were made intracellularly in vitro from ganglion neurons in isolated pieces of the pancreas. Sulfated CCK-8 (S-CCK-8) and nonsulfated CCK-8 initiated or increased ongoing fast excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) activity, an effect antagonized by hexamethonium. Superfusion of S-CCK-8 in concentrations ranging from 10(-11) to 10(-8) M significantly augmented the amplitude of nerve-evoked subthreshold fEPSPs without a significant change in either membrane potential or membrane input resistance. S-CCK-8 (10(-8)M) also increased the quantal content and quantal size of nerve-evoked fEPSPs and increased the response to exogenously applied acetylcholine (ACh). Concentrations of S-CCK-8 higher than 10(-8)M caused depolarization and an increase in membrane input resistance, an effect unaltered by a low-Ca+, high-Mg2+ solution. It was concluded that S-CCK-8 potentiated nicotinic transmission by facilitating release of ACh from preganglionic nerve terminals and by increasing the postsynaptic membrane sensitivity to ACh.. 0; 25126-32-3; 51-84-3; 60-26-4.
89. Macho Fernandez, J. M.; Manero Ruiz, F. J.; Soriano Godes, J. J.; Otero Sierra, C.; Ros Mendoza, L. H. [Atypical algodystrophy of the knee: apropos 2 partial cases]. Algodistrofia atipica de rodilla: a proposito de dos casos con forma parcial. Rev-Clin-Esp. 1996 May; 196(5): 306-9; ISSN: 0014-2565.
SPAIN. Algodystrophy is a common entity which may present in many clinical contexts. Its early diagnosis and therapy are of great prognostic interest. Apart from the typical complete forms there are some other atypical forms, such as partial knee algodystrophy, of difficult diagnosis. Its inclusion in the differential diagnosis of gonalgia occurring in patients attended under many medical specialties is therefore necessary. Two atypical cases of knee algodystrophy in its partial form are reported. One of these cases relapsed at the heterolateral knee after 18 months of the initial presentation; this second episode was also a partial form, a fact which we have not seen reported. The reported cases are here discussed and the scarce literature is reviewed, commenting on the difficulty of the early diagnosis compared with other entities which may mimic the clinical picture, radiological and scanning features of algodystrophy, such as aseptic osteonecrosis or stress fracture. The diagnostic algorithm is discussed, pointing to the usefulness of magnetic resonance (MR) in difficult cases to rule out other entities which would entail different therapeutic modalities.. 7440-26-8.
90. Mahalingam, R.; Wellish, M.; Cohrs, R.; Debrus, S.; Piette, J.; Rentier, B.; Gilden, D. H. Expression of protein encoded by varicella-zoster virus open reading frame 63 in latently infected human ganglionic neurons. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. 1996 Mar 5; 93(5): 2122-4; ISSN: 0027-8424.
UNITED-STATES. The ganglionic cell type in which varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is latent in humans was analyzed by using antibodies raised against in vitro-expressed VZV open reading frame 63 protein. VZV open reading frame 63 protein was detected exclusively in the cytoplasm of neurons of latently infected human trigeminal and thoracic ganglia. This is, to our knowledge, the first identification of a herpesvirus protein expressed during latency in the human nervous system.. 0; 0; 0; 0.
91. Marz, P.; Gadient, R. A.; Otten, U. Expression of interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) and gp130 mRNA in PC12 cells and sympathetic neurons: modulation by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Brain-Res. 1996 Jan 8; 706(1): 71-9; ISSN: 0006-8993.
NETHERLANDS. Recent findings indicate that IL-6, besides its various biological effects, also exerts neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions. Using the pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 and cultured primary sympathetic neurons, we investigated whether neurons express the IL-6 receptors, IL-6R and gp130, and how they might be regulated. For these studies we used RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. We provide here evidence for the expression of functional IL-6Rs in peripheral sympathetic neurons and PC12 cells. Furthermore we demonstrate that cytokines modulate the expression of IL-6R and gp130 mRNA. This modulation is much more pronounced in neuronally-differentiated PC12 cells than in undifferentiated cells. Among various cytokines tested, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) turned out to be a major regulator of the IL-6R and gp130 mRNA expression. The induction was time- and dose-dependent for both genes. Maximal induction was reached within 16 h at a concentration of 0.1 nM TNF-alpha. The stimulatory effect of TNF-alpha on the IL-6R system was completely inhibited by the simultaneous addition of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. In summary, our results show that sympathetic neurons and neuron-like differentiated PC12 cells express functional IL-6R and gp130, and that the expression of their mRNAs is modulated by cytokines. We suggest that cytokines such as IL-6 can modulate sympathetic neuron function.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 133483-10-0; 50-02-2.
92. Mass, E.; Wolff, A.; Gadoth, N. Increased major salivary gland secretion in familial dysautonomia. Dev-Med-Child-Neurol. 1996 Feb; 38(2): 133-8; ISSN: 0012-1622.
ENGLAND. Familial dysautonomia (FD), an autosomal recessive peripheral nervous system disorder, affects almost exclusively children of Jewish Ashkenazi origin and causes profound generalized autonomic dysfunction. Excessive drooling is frequent and is traditionally attributed to swallowing difficulties. Although true hypersalivation has been postulated, no quantitative assessment of the salivary secretion rate has yet been reported. The authors determined this rate in 13 children with FD and 28 healthy controls. Resting parotid, submandibular/sublingual and unstimulated whole salivary secretion rates were significantly elevated in children with FD. The known relation of salivary function with age was found in controls only. This apparently major contribution of salivary hyperfunction to excessive drooling in FD may be attributable to salivary gland denervation supersensitivity, as this mechanism is present in the cardiovascular system and the pupil in FD.
93. Massari, V. J.; Shirahata, M.; Johnson, T. A.; Gatti, P. J. Carotid sinus nerve terminals which are tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive are found in the commissural nucleus of the tractus solitarius. J-Neurocytol. 1996 Mar; 25(3): 197-208; ISSN: 0300-4864.
ENGLAND. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive sensory neurons in the petrosal ganglion selectively innervate the carotid body via the carotid sinus nerve. Central projections of the carotid sinus nerve were traced with horseradish peroxidase. The commissural nucleus of the tractus solitarius was examined by dual labelling light and electron microscopy. Dense bilateral labelling with horseradish peroxidase was found in the tractus solitarius and commissural nucleus of the tractus solitarius. Horseradish peroxidase was found in unmyelinated axons, myelinated axons, and nerve terminals. About 88% of horseradish peroxidase-labelled carotid sinus nerve axons were unmyelinated. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was identified in unmyelinated axons, myelinated axons, dendrites, perikarya, and nerve terminals. Most tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive axons (93%) in the commissural nucleus of the tractus solitarius were unmyelinated. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was simultaneously identified in carotid sinus nerve unmyelinated axons, myelinated axons, and nerve terminals. These double-labelled terminals comprised 28% of the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive terminals in the commissural nucleus of the tractus solitarius, and 55% of transganglionically-labelled terminals. Therefore, there are both central and peripheral sources of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive nerve terminals in the commissural nucleus of the tractus solitarius. These data support the hypothesis that peripheral tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons are involved in the origination of the chemoreceptor reflex. Axo-axonic synapses between peripheral carotid sinus nerve afferent terminals and central terminals containing tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity were observed in 22% of the axo-axonic synapses observed. Thus, central tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity neurons are involved in the modulation of the chemo-and/or baroreceptor reflexes. Synaptic contacts were not observed between carotid sinus nerve afferents and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive perikarya of dendrites. Catecholaminergic neurons are thus unlikely to be the second order neurons of either the chemo-or baroreceptor reflex in the commissural nucleus of the tractus solitarius.. EC 1.11.1.-; EC 1.14.16.2.
94. Masur, H.; Schulte Oversohl, U.; Papke, K.; Oberwittler, C.; Vollmer, J. Involvement of the autonomic nervous system in patients with syringomyelia--a study with the sympathetic skin response. Electromyogr-Clin-Neurophysiol. 1996 Jan; 36(1): 43-7; ISSN: 0301-150X.
BELGIUM. In order to determine the function of the autonomic nervous system in syringomyelia, the sympathetic skin response (SSR) was performed in 13 patients with syringomyelia and 20 healthy controls. SSR was recorded from both palms and soles. In patients with syringomyelia, we found absent responses, prolonged latencies and reduced amplitudes. SSRs could be recorded in 15 out of the examined 26 upper extremities. The latencies were prolonged in 12 of these cases. In the lower limbs, 11 SSRs could be obtained. In 4 of these cases the latencies were prolonged. The SSR latencies recorded from the palms and soles were both significantly prolonged (p < 0.05) and the amplitudes were reduced (p < 0.05) as compared to normal persons. Our data strongly suggest involvement of the autonomic nervous system in syringomyelia as assessed by the SSR response (in upper and lower extremities). In our patients, the extent of autonomic dysfunction was not related to the stage or the duration of disease.
95. Mathias, C. J. Disorders affecting autonomic function in parkinsonian patients. Adv-Neurol. 1996; 69: 383-91; ISSN: 0091-3952.
UNITED-STATES. This chapter deals with certain aspects of autonomic dysfunction in parkinsonian patients. It provides a classification of autonomic disorders and a brief description of autonomic manifestations. An outline of autonomic investigations, including those to diagnose the Shy-Drager syndrome (multiple system atrophy), is provided. It concludes with comments on terminology and on whether the parkinsonian syndromes with autonomic failure comprise single or multiple entities.
96. Matsumura, H.; Jimbo, Y.; Watanabe, K. Haemodynamic changes in early phase reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Scand-J-Plast-Reconstr-Surg-Hand-Surg. 1996 Jun; 30(2): 133-8; ISSN: 0284-4311.
SWEDEN. We studied six patients with early phase reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD). Osteoporotic changes were noted in the bones of the affected limb. Despite higher temperatures indicated by thermography, laser speckle image sensing showed no increase in blood flow on the skin surface. Digital subtraction angiography showed arteriovenous shunting or increased density of perfused vessels. Based on these results, we speculate that in RSD persistent vascular contraction caused by pain leads to the formation of arteriovenous shunts in the affected limb with an ischaemic state in the peripheral subcutaneous tissue which is indicated by pain and swelling.
97. McAvoy, M.; Smith, M. A.; Fujii, J. T. Agrin mRNA expression in the developing chick Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Vis-Neurosci. 1996 Mar; 13(2): 293-301; ISSN: 0952-5238.
ENGLAND. Agrin is a large extracellular matrix protein that directs the accumulation of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Recent evidence suggests that agrin may be involved in organizing synapses in the visual system as well. Focussing on the pathway that controls accommodation and pupilloconstriction, this study examined the temporal pattern of agrin expression with reference to the organization of cholinergic synapses between embryonic chick Edinger-Westphal and ciliary ganglion neurons. In situ hybridization with an S35-labeled agrin cRNA probe was used to characterize agrin expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus during development. Agrin mRNA was detected in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus at all time points studied, from embryonic day 7 (E7, Hamburger and Hamilton stage 31) through newly hatched chicks. Throughout this period, agrin mRNA expression in Edinger-Westphal neurons was lower than in nearby oculomotor and trochlear neurons, suggesting that cells projecting to neuronal targets may require less agrin than those projecting to muscle. Agrin mRNA expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus at E7, E8, E9, and E10 was significantly higher than at E12. The early appearance of agrin mRNA coincides with the period during which acetylcholine receptors are being organized on ciliary ganglion neurons, consistent with the possibility that agrin contributes to neuron-neuron synapse formation in this pathway.. 0; 0; 0.
98. McBrien, F.; Spraggs, P. D.; Harcourt, J. P.; Croft, C. B. Abductor vocal fold palsy in the Shy-Drager syndrome presenting with snoring and sleep apnoea. J-Laryngol-Otol. 1996 Jul; 110(7): 681-2; ISSN: 0022-2151.
ENGLAND. The case of an elderly male with Shy-Drager syndrome is presented. His presentation to the Sleep Clinic for assessment of snoring illustrates bilateral abductor vocal fold palsy as a rare presentation of the syndrome. This case emphasizes the need for thorough investigation of all patients with sleep-related breathing disorders with video and sound recordings prior to anaesthesia and surgery.
99. McFarlane, M. B.; Gilly, W. F. Spatial localization of calcium channels in giant fiber lobe neurons of the squid (Loligo opalescens). Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. 1996 May 14; 93(10): 5067-71; ISSN: 0027-8424.
UNITED-STATES. Whole-cell voltage clamp was used to investigate the properties and spatial distribution of fast-deactivating (FD) Ca channels in squid giant fiber lobe (GFL) neurons. Squid FD Ca channels are reversibly blocked by the spider toxin omega-Agatoxin IVA with an IC50 of 240-420 nM with no effect on the kinetics of Ca channel gating. Channels with very similar properties are expressed in both somatic and axonal domains of cultured GFL neurons, but FD Ca channel conductance density is higher in axonal bulbs than in cell bodies at all times in culture. Channels presumably synthesized during culture are preferentially expressed in the growing bulbs, but bulbar Ca conductance density remains constant while Na conductance density increases, suggesting that processes determining the densities of Ca and Na channels in this extrasomatic domain are largely independent. These observations suggest that growing axonal bulbs in cultured GFL neurons are not composed entirely of "axonal" membranes because FD Ca channels are absent from the giant axon in situ but, rather, suggest a potential role for FD Ca channels in mediating neurotransmitter release at the motor terminals of the giant axon.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 0.
100. McKinzie, S.; Tyce, G. M.; Brimijoin, S. Lowered norepinephrine turnover as a sign of impaired ganglionic transmission after preganglionic lesioning by acetylcholinesterase antibodies. J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1996 May; 277(2): 817-22; ISSN: 0022-3565.
UNITED-STATES. Monoclonal antibodies to acetylcholinesterase are known to destroy preganglionic sympathetic terminals in rats. To investigate resulting changes in sympathetic tone, turnover of norepinephrine (NE) was examined in five adrenergically innervated tissues: submaxillary salivary gland, heart, spleen, vas deferens and kidney. At time zero, 50 mu Ci of [3H]NE was injected into the tail vein; turnover rates were determined from the loss of radioactive NE between 2 and 24 hr later. Experiments with ganglionic blocking agents showed that most NE turnover was related to impulse traffic. Combined treatment with atropine (4 mg/kg/day) and chlorisondamine (20 mg/kg/day) reduced the apparent turnover rate constant by two thirds or more in all organs except vas deferens. NE turnover was likewise slowed after treatment with acetylcholinesterase antibodies (1.6 mg i.v., 5 days earlier): apparent rate constants fell 50% or more in submaxillary gland, heart and kidney. The reduced NE turnover in these end organs suggested that preganglionic immunologic lesions blocked synaptic transmission in the respective sympathetic ganglia. Sustained turnover in the spleen, however, suggested that certain pathways through the celiac ganglion resisted immunologic lesion or recovered quickly. Hence, there may be structural or functional differences among the sympathetic ganglia, especially between pre- and paravertebral groups.. EC 3.1.1.7; 0; 0; 51-41-2.
101. McNulty, J. A.; Madsen, T. M.; Tsai, S. Y.; Fox, L. M.; Tonder, N. Regulation of synaptic ribbons in rat pineal gland explants by norepinephrine and sympathetic neurons in a co-culture model. Cell-Tissue-Res. 1996 Jan; 283(1): 59-66; ISSN: 0302-766X.
GERMANY. The hypothesis that synaptic ribbons in the mammalian pinealocyte are influenced by adrenergic mechanisms was tested in the present study using a co-culture model of pineal glands and superior cervical ganglia from neonatal rats. Pineal gland explants survived and showed a high degree of differentiation when cultured for up to 30 days regardless of the presence or absence of superior cervical ganglia. Pineal glands also had neurotrophic properties promoting the survival and neurite extension from superior cervical ganglia. Synaptic ribbons were a common ultrastructural feature in all pineal cultures. There was a significant decline in synaptic ribbon numbers when co-cultured with superior cervical ganglia for both 7 and 30 days. A similar significant decrease in synaptic ribbon frequency was observed after treatment of pineal explants with norepinephrine (10(-5 )M) for both 7 and 30 days. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that neural mechanisms play an important role in regulating synaptic ribbon numbers, at least during early development. The study also illustrates the utility of pineal gland-superior cervical ganglia co-cultures as a model for future investigations of neuron-target interactions in the pineal.. EC 1.14.16.2; 51-41-2.
102. Miller, S. M.; Hanani, M.; Kuntz, S. M.; Schmalz, P. F.; Szurszewski, J. H. Light, electron, and confocal microscopic study of the mouse superior mesenteric ganglion. J-Comp-Neurol. 1996 Feb 12; 365(3): 427-444; ISSN: 0021-9967.
UNITED-STATES. The superior mesenteric ganglion (S.m.g.), a sympathetic prevertebral ganglion, is an integrating center for gastrointestinal reflexes. Many details of its structure are still lacking. In the present study, mouse S.m.g. neurons were studied by light, electron, and confocal microscopy. Neurons had an average of 5-6 primary dendrites. Total dendritic length averaged 963 microns. Confocal microscopy and three-dimensional reconstructed images revealed cell body surface features, precise location where axons and dendrites emerged from it, cell body size, and extent of dendritic projection in three axes. Cell body diameter and dendritic projections were less in the dorsoventral than in the rostrocaudal or mediolateral axes. Cell body surface area and volume averaged 4,271 microns 2 and 4,908 microns 3, respectively. Dendritic surface areas and volumes were 5-6 times larger. Two main neuron types (projecting caudally or rostrally) were distinguished. The former were found throughout the S.m.g., whereas the latter were found only in the cephalad region, comprising about 40% of neurons found there. Rostrally projecting neurons had fewer primary dendrites, fewer total dendritic branches, and shorter total dendritic length than caudally projecting neurons. There were regional differences in percentage of neurons responding to electrical stimulation of left or right hypogastric, lumbar colonic, or left splanchnic nerves but not in nerve fibers connecting the S.m.g. and celiac ganglion. A greater percentage of caudally than rostrally projecting cephalad neurons responded to stimulation of any nerve trunk. These results indicate that the mouse S.m.g. contains at least two distinct types of neurons that differ in their morphology and their source of preganglionic synaptic input.. EC 1.11.1.-.
103. Miolan, J. P.; Niel, J. P. The mammalian sympathetic prevertebral ganglia: integrative properties and role in the nervous control of digestive tract motility. J-Auton-Nerv-Syst. 1996 May 6; 58(3): 125-38; ISSN: 0165-1838.
NETHERLANDS. The prevertebral ganglia which are a constitutive part of the sympathetic system have long been considered as a simple relay on this efferent pathway. In fact, these ganglia must be considered as true peripheral nervous centres. They possess various integrative properties, such as projections of central and peripheral inputs onto the ganglionic neurones, gating of these projections and pacemaker activity of the ganglionic neurones. These properties explain the ability of these ganglia to participate in the regulation of various visceral functions, including digestive tract motility.
104. Musharafieh, R.; Saghieh, S. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy revisited. Middle-East-J-Anesthesiol. 1996 Feb; 13(4): 345-71; ISSN: 0544-0440.
LEBANON.
105. Myers, A. C.; Undem, B. J. Muscarinic receptor regulation of synaptic transmission in airway parasympathetic ganglia. Am-J-Physiol. 1996 Apr; 270(4 Pt 1): L630-6; ISSN: 0002-9513.
UNITED-STATES. Muscarinic receptor regulation of synaptic transmission in guinea pig bronchial parasympathetic ganglia was evaluated with the use of intracellular recording of the intrinsic ganglion neurons. Methacholine (1 microM) decreased the amplitude of vagus nerve-stimulated fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSP) by 33 and 46% (at 0.8 and 8.0 Hz, respectively) but had no effect on the amplitude of the depolarizations evoked by a bath-applied nicotinic receptor agonist. Methoctramine (1 microM) inhibited methacholine's effect on fEPSP but alone did not influence the magnitude of the fEPSP evoked by vagus nerve stimulation. Methacholine (10 microM) depolarized a subpopulation of neurons (approximately 4 mV), which was blocked by pirenzepine (0.1 microM). In other neurons, either no effect or a small (1-5 mV) hyperpolarization was noted. Cholinergic contractions of bronchial smooth muscle elicited by electrical field stimulation were potentiated by methoctramine to the same extent as those evoked by vagus nerve (preganglionic) stimulation. The data indicate that M2 receptor activation can lead to inhibition of presynaptic acetylcholine release and consequently a significant inhibition of synaptic transmission in bronchial parasympathetic ganglia. The physiological role of this neuromodulatory effect appears limited, however, when studied in the in vitro setting.. 0; 0; 0; 104807-46-7; 28797-61-7; 55-92-5.
106. Nakatani, T.; Tanaka, S.; Mizukami, S.; Okamoto, K.; Shiraishi, Y.; Nakamura, T. Retroesophageal right subclavian artery originating from the aortic arch distal and dorsal to the left subclavian artery. Anat-Anz. 1996 Jun; 178(3): 269-71; ISSN: 0003-2786.
GERMANY. In the cadaver of a Japanese 79 year-old man a retroesophageal right subclavian artery was observed to be derived from the arch of the aorta slightly distal and dorsal to the left subclavian artery. Its origin formed Kommerell's arterial diverticulum (50 mm in circumference), and it passed between the esophagus and the vertebral column and continued to the right to become the axillary artery. No right recurrent laryngeal nerve was observed. There was a right ansa subclavia around the subclavian artery. Although this anomaly is relatively rare, it is important as a cause of dysphagia lusoria.
107. Nath, R. K.; Mackinnon, S. E.; Stelnicki, E. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. The controversy continues. Clin-Plast-Surg. 1996 Jul; 23(3): 435-46; ISSN: 0094-1298.
UNITED-STATES. The chronic pain syndrome encompassed by the term RSD is poorly understood. The confusion is caused in large part by frequent misdiagnosis and excessive use of sympatholytic procedures in inappropriate circumstances. Recently, pain specialists have redefined the specific criteria for regional pain syndromes having sympathetic maintaining factors, emphasizing application of placebo testing in diagnosis and attention to anatomic principles in pharmacologic and surgical treatment. The authors believe that three-phase bone scanning is a valuable adjunct to clinical judgment in making the proper diagnosis. Current thinking suggests that sympathetic maintained pain exists but that it may comprise only approximately 10% of regional pain cases. Once the appropriate diagnosis is made, classically described sympatholytic procedures are reasonably used. Alternative techniques, such as spinal cord stimulation, may have an important role in refractory cases of sympathetically maintained pain.
108. Nedostup, A. V.; Vein, A. M.; Solov'eva, A. D.; Fedorova, V. I.; Morozova, N. S.; Churganova, L. I. u.; Skiba, K. A. [State of autonomic regulation in patients with mitral valve prolapse and dysfunction of sinus node]. Sostoianie vegetativnoi reguliatsii u bol'nykh s prolapsom mitral'nogo klapana i disfunktsiei sinusovogo uzla. Klin-Med-Mosk. 1996; 74(3): 35-9; ISSN: 0023-2149.
RUSSIA. This study was made of 62 patients with idiopathic mitral prolapse, 17 patients with vagus sinus dysfunction and 8 patients with combination of the above disorders. Clinical, psychological and electrophysiological examinations revealed in all the patients psychovegetative syndrome with paroxysmal and permanent vegetative disorders, anxious-hypochondriacal and anxious-depressive conditions. Vegetative disorders were characterized by definite discoordination of vegetative regulation manifesting as hyperactivity of suprasegmental vegetative structures and insufficiency of both sympathetic and parasympathetic vegetative regulation.
109. Nesathurai, S.; Harvey, D. T. Clonidine in the management of asymmetrical gustatory facial sweating: an N-of-1 trial. Arch-Phys-Med-Rehabil. 1996 Sep; 77(9): 906-8; ISSN: 0003-9993.
UNITED-STATES. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of clonidine in the management of gustatory facial sweating (GFS) ipsilateral to an upper thoracic sympathectomy. DESIGN: Placebo-controlled N-of-1 trial. SETTING: Tertiary care referral center. INTERVENTION: Clonidine patch that delivers 0.2mg/d. OUTCOME MEASURE: Daily episodes of GFS are recorded. The severity of GFS is graded as mild, moderate, or severe, and a daily GFS score is calculated. RESULTS: Clonidine was shown to significantly decrease (p < .05) the incidence and frequency of gustatory facial sweating.. 0; 4205-90-7.
110. Nobes, C. D.; Reppas, J. B.; Markus, A.; Tolkovsky, A. M. Active p21Ras is sufficient for rescue of NGF-dependent rat sympathetic neurons. Neuroscience. 1996 Feb; 70(4): 1067-79; ISSN: 0306-4522.
UNITED-STATES. We have examined whether p21Ras proteins can rescue nerve growth factor-deprived rat sympathetic neurons from death, to test further our hypothesis that p21Ras is a central mediator in the nerve growth factor-to-survival signalling pathway. After crosslinking [125I]nerve growth factor to live neurons, two forms of Trk (molecular weight approximately 140,000 and 115,000) were immunoprecipitated with anti-Trk antibodies. Nerve growth factor induced tyrosine phosphorylation of both Trk forms and at least two additional proteins. When these phosphorylations were prevented by staurosporine (in a protein kinase C-independent manner) the neurons died. However, neurons were rescued from death due to staurosporine treatment by intracellular loading of oncogenic Ha-Ras(val12) protein. Both Ha-Ras(val12) and cellular Ha-Ras proteins maintained survival for several days in the absence of nerve growth factor and mimicked other actions of nerve growth factor, inducing rapid c-Fos protein expression and robust neurite outgrowth. Conversely, Fab fragments of neutralizing antibodies to p21Ras which blocked the capacity of nerve growth factor to promote neuron survival were also found to inhibit the early expression of c-Fos protein in these neurons. The close correspondence observed between the timing of onset of c-Fos responsiveness and acquisition of nerve growth factor-dependence in embryonic day 17 sympathetic neurons, and the coordinate increase found in both parameters until embryonic day 19 indicates that c-Fos protein expression is a good biochemical indicator of the presence of a functional nerve growth factor-to-survival signal transduction pathway. Nevertheless, expression of c-Fos is not sufficient for survival since phorbol esters induce c-Fos with no effect on survival. These data strengthen our proposal that p21Ras proteins are crucial anti-apoptotic mediators of survival in rat sympathetic neurons by demonstrating that p21Ras is both necessary and sufficient to rescue neurons which are disabled from signalling through Trk receptors.. 0; 0; 0.
111. Noda, K.; Katayama, S.; Watanabe, C.; Yamamura, Y.; Nakamura, S.; Yonehara, S.; Inai, K. Pure autonomic failure with motor neuron disease: report of a clinical study and postmortem examination of a patient [letter]. J-Neurol-Neurosurg-Psychiatry. 1996 Mar; 60(3): 351-2; ISSN: 0022-3050.
ENGLAND.
112. Nystrom, C.; Nystrom, O. [Estimated stress verifies autonomic dysfunction]. Skattad stress verifierar autonom dysfunktion. Lakartidningen. 1996 Jul 10; 93(28-29): 2583-4; ISSN: 0023-7205.
SWEDEN.
113. Oh, Y. J.; Moffat, M.; Wong, S.; Ullrey, D.; Geller, A. I.; O'Malley, K. L. A herpes simplex virus-1 vector containing the rat tyrosine hydroxylase promoter directs cell type-specific expression of beta-galactosidase in cultured rat peripheral neurons. Brain-Res-Mol-Brain-Res. 1996 Jan; 35(1-2): 227-36; ISSN: 0169-328X.
NETHERLANDS. A defective herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) vector system was used to study cell type-specific expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene. HSV-1 particles containing 663 bp (pTHlac 663), 278 bp (pTHlac 278), or 181 bp (pTHlac 181) of the rat TH promoter driving E. coli LacZ were used to infect superior cervical ganglia (SCG: TH-expressing tissue) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG:non-TH-expressing tissue) cultures. One day after infection, expression of beta-galactosidase was visualized by X-gal cytochemistry. Following viral transduction with pTHlac 663 at a multiplicity of infection of 0.2, 14.4% of the SCG neurons were X-gal positive whereas only about 0.9% of DRG neurons were X-gal positive. Infection with either pTHlac278 or 181 resulted in 3-fold more X-gal-positive DRG neurons. These results suggest that (i) the defective HSV-1 vector system may be useful in defining regulatory promoter motifs; (ii) 663 bp of the rat TH promoter contains sufficient information for cell type-specific expression in peripheral nervous system neurons; and (iii) sequences between -278 and -663 contain an element(s) that represses gene expression in non-catecholamingeric neurons.. EC 1.14.16.2; EC 3.2.1.23; 0; 0; 0.
114. Ohmachi, T.; Nakamura, T.; Zhang, F. Z.; Tani, I.; Takagi, H. Morpholological analyses of galaninergic inputs to the rat spinal parasympathetic nucleus. Exp-Brain-Res. 1996 Jun; 109(3): 399-406; ISSN: 0014-4819.
GERMANY. We examined the characteristic features of galanin (GAL)-containing nerve afferents in the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) of the rat lumbosacral spinal cord (L6, S1), i.e., spinal parasympathetic nucleus, by immunocytochemistry at both light and electron microscopic levels. Firstly, the types of synapses formed by GAL-immunoreactive (IR) axon terminals and their post- or presynaptic elements were examined in random ultrathin sections. A total of 109 synapses were examined. Axodendritic (71%) and axo-somatic (20%) synapses were always of the asymmetrical type. Axo-axonic synapses (9%) were occasionally found; GAL-IR axon terminals were either postsynaptic (3%) or presynaptic (6%) to non-IR axon terminals. By confocal laser microscopy, many GAL-IR axon terminals were seen close to cell bodies and proximal dendrites of the IML neurons that were retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold injected into the pelvic ganglion. Some GAL-IR axon terminals were identified to be presynaptic to them under the electron microscope, by restaining for GAL immunoreactivity with the immunoperoxidase method. These findings suggest that the GAL afferents are involved in the parasympathetic motor regulation of pelvic organs via their central synaptic influences upon preganglionic neurons. Finally, hemi-transection of the upper lumbar segments (L1-L3) or unilateral dorsal rhizotomy (L5-S2) did not significantly alter the immunoreactivity for GAL in the IML. These results suggest that GAL afferents do not originate from regions rostral to the IML nor from the dorsal root ganglion, but probably from GAL cells located at least within the lower lumbar segments and/or sacral spinal cord.. 0; 82785-14-6; 88813-36-9.
115. Ok, E.; Akcicek, F.; Toz, H.; Coker, A.; Kursat, S.; Tokat, Y.; Arac, N. Goitre and severe autonomic neuropathy due to secondary amyloidosis in a renal transplant patient [letter]. Clin-Nephrol. 1996 May; 45(5): 361-2; ISSN: 0301-0430.
GERMANY. 0; 64-86-8.
116. Oosterhuis, H. J. Acquired blepharoptosis. Clin-Neurol-Neurosurg. 1996 Feb; 98(1): 1-7; ISSN: 0303-8467.
NETHERLANDS. A review is given of the aetiology and possible treatment of acquired (non-congenital), blepharoptosis, which is a common but not specific sign of neurological disease. The diagnostic categories of upper eyelid drooping are scheduled as (a) pseudo-ptosis due to a local process or overactivity of eye closure, including blepharospasm, and (b) true ptosis due to a paresis of the eyelid levators (m. tarsalis superior or m. levator palpebrae) or to a disinsertion of the m. levator palpebrae (aponeurotic ptosis). A paresis of the m. tarsalis is due to a lesion in the central, intermediate or peripheral neuron of the sympathetic chain and constitutes one of the components of Horner's syndrome. A paresis of the m. levator palpebrae may be due to a failure in central innervation, in oculomotor (n.III) function, in neuromuscular transmission or to a lesion in the muscle itself.
117. Pallini, R.; Fernandez, E.; Lauretti, L.; Dell'Anna, E.; La Marca, F.; Gangitano, C.; DelFa, A.; Olivieri Sangiacomo, C.; Sbriccoli, A.; Rossi, G. F. Superior cervical ganglion regenerating axons through peripheral nerve grafts and reversal of behavioral deficits in hemiparkinsonian rats. J-Neurosurg. 1996 Mar; 84(3): 487-93; ISSN: 0022-3085.
UNITED-STATES. The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) has been grafted to the brain of adult rats in an attempt to reverse the parkinsonian syndrome that follows destruction of central dopamine systems. However, the main limitation to this approach is the massive cell death that occurs in the grafted SCG after direct transplantation into the brain. In adult rats, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was stereotactically injected into the right substantia nigra (SN). One month later, dopamine denervation was assessed using the apomorphine-induced rotational test. In rats with a positive test, an autologous peripheral nerve (PN) graft was tunneled from the right cervical region to the ipsilateral parietal cortex. One end of PN graft was sutured to the transected postganglionic branch of the SCG and the other end was inserted into a surgically created cortical cavity. The apomorphine test was repeated at 3 days and again at 1, 3, and 5 months after surgery. The brain, SCG, and PN graft were studied under light and electron microscopy and with the tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical and horseradish peroxidase tracing methods. Three days after grafting, there were no significant differences on the apomorphine test as compared to the preoperative test. Conversely, 1,3, and 5 months after grafting, the number of rotations was reduced by 69% (+/-20.2), 66.6% (+/-17.1), and 72.5% (+/-11.3), respectively. Control rats that received a free PN graft to the brain and underwent section of the postganglionic branch of the SCG did not show significant changes on the apomorphine test after surgery. Histological examination revealed that the PN graft was mostly reinnervated by amyelinic axons of small caliber. Approximately 40% of the SCG neuronal population that normally projects to the postganglionic branch survived axotomy and regenerated the transected axons into the PN graft. Axons arising from the SCG elongated the whole length of the graft, crossed the graft-brain interface and extended into brain regions adjacent to the denervated striatum up to 2037 micrometer from the graft insertion site. This work shows that the ingrowth of catecholamine-regenerating axons from the SCG to dopamine-depleted brain parenchyma significantly reduces behavioral abnormalities in hemiparkinsonian rats. This effect cannot be ascribed either to the brain cavitation or to the PN tissue placement in the brain.. EC 1.14.16.2.
118. Peng, Y. Ryanodine-sensitive component of calcium transients evoked by nerve firing at presynaptic nerve terminals. J-Neurosci. 1996 Nov 1; 16(21): 6703-12; ISSN: 0270-6474.
UNITED-STATES. Whether Ca2+ released from stores within the presynaptic nerve terminals also contributes to the Ca2+ elevation evoked by action potentials was tested in intact bullfrog sympathetic ganglia. Intraterminal Ca2+ transients (Delta[Ca2+]i) were evoked by electrical shocks to the presynaptic nerves at 20 Hz and were monitored by fura-2 fluorimetry. Ca2+ released through intraterminal ryanodine-sensitive channels accounted for 46% of the peak Ca2+ elevation. Moreover, in half of the terminals when intraterminal release was blocked by ryanodine, Delta[Ca2+]i reached a plateau at 200 +/- 24 nM. Because 20 Hz is a frequency favorable for the release of a neuropeptide, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) from these presynaptic nerve terminals, and because the threshold level for LHRH release is 186 nM, intraterminal Ca2+ release during nerve firing is likely to play a major role in regulating LHRH release. The intraterminal ryanodine channels were facilitated by caffeine as in other tissue. The releasable ryanodine-sensitive store could elevate the intraterminal [Ca2+] by an amount as high as 1.6 microM at a rate as fast as 250 nM/sec. The store could be refilled within 100 sec after a maximal discharge of its content by 20 Hz firing. Oscillation of [Ca2+]i evoked by 20 Hz nerve firing occurred in normal Ringer solution, in ryanodine, and in caffeine with a periodicity of approximately 10 sec. Besides the facilitatory effects on the ryanodine-sensitive channels, caffeine also had inhibitory effects on Delta[Ca2+]i via its action on a different process.. 0; 0; 0; 15662-33-6; 33515-09-2; 58-08-2; 7440-70-2; 96314-98-6.
119. Pierce, P. A.; Xie, G. X.; Levine, J. D.; Peroutka, S. J. 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor subtype messenger RNAs in rat peripheral sensory and sympathetic ganglia: a polymerase chain reaction study. Neuroscience. 1996 Jan; 70(2): 553-9; ISSN: 0306-4522.
UNITED-STATES. While serotonin has been shown to play an important role in peripheral pain mechanisms, the specific subtypes of receptors involved and their differential distribution between the sensory and sympathetic nervous system remains poorly understood. In this study, the presence of messenger RNA for rat serotonin receptor subtypes in peripheral sensory and sympathetic ganglia was detected using the method of polymerase chain reaction. Lumbar dorsal root ganglia, superior cervical sympathetic ganglia and lumbar sympathetic ganglia were excised from anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Oligonucleotide primers were chosen based on unique regions of complementary DNA sequence for each of the 12 cloned rat serotonin receptor subtypes (i.e. 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1F, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT5A, 5-HT5B, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7) and high stringency conditions were used during polymerase chain reaction. Within lumbar dorsal root ganglia, the presence of the 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptor subtype messenger RNAs was detected. Within superior cervical ganglia, the presence of messenger RNA for 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT3, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptor subtypes was detected. Lumbar sympathetic ganglia displayed banding identical to the superior cervical ganglia with the exception of the 5-HT6 receptor which was not detected in the lumbar sympathetic ganglia. The polymerase chain reaction product from each positively-detected receptor subtype was subcloned and sequenced and found to correspond to published complementary DNA sequences. Findings from this study may direct further efforts to determine the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in the peripheral nervous system.. 0; 0.
120. Pilo, L.; Ring, H.; Quinn, N.; Trimble, M. Depression in multiple system atrophy and in idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a pilot comparative study. Biol-Psychiatry. 1996 May 1; 39(9): 803-7; ISSN: 0006-3223.
UNITED-STATES. Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a disease causing parkinsonism in which response to levodopa is classically absent, poor, or transient. Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) itself, which responds favorably to levodopa, has been associated with the development of disease-related depression. Over and above the clinical and pathological characteristics of IPD, MSA causes additional, more widespread, clinical and pathological deficits. We have compared motor disability and mood in 12 patients with MSA and 12 with IPD. There was more severe motor disability, but no clinical evidence of depression among the MSA patients studied, and their Beck Depression Inventory scores did not differ significantly from the group with IPD. We conclude that depression does not appear to be more common in MSA than in IPD.
121. Plum, L. A.; Clagett Dame, M. All-trans retinoic acid stimulates and maintains neurite outgrowth in nerve growth factor-supported developing chick embryonic sympathetic neurons. Dev-Dyn. 1996 Jan; 205(1): 52-63; ISSN: 1058-8388.
UNITED-STATES. In explanted embryonic chick sympathetic neurons, all-trans retinoic acid (RA) as well as nerve growth factor (NGF) were found to be required for neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth at early stages of development (day 6.5-7) in agreement with previous work (Rodriguez-Tebar and Rohrer [1991] Development 112:813-820). The dependence of neurons on all-trans RA for survival diminished at later stages of development. However, all-trans RA was found to be needed at all stages of development in order to maximize neurite outgrowth. Further, removal of all-trans RA from the cultures led to a rapid degeneration of the formed neurites, demonstrating the essentiality of all-trans RA for both the development of neurites, and for the maintenance of existing neurites in cultured embryonic sympathetic neurons. The mechanism whereby all-trans RA exerts its effects on embryonic sympathetic neurons may involve activation of the nuclear retinoic acid and retinoid-X receptor (RAR and RXR) families. The results of Northern blot analyses and/or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies show that embryonic sympathetic ganglia express RAR beta, RAR gamma and RXR gamma mRNAs. RXR gamma mRNA is expressed at highest levels in immature neurons that are not yet responsive to NGF (day 6.5-7) and message levels decline with increasing developmental age. In contrast, RAR beta transcript levels are barely detectable at day 6.5-7, and increase approximately 4-fold in ganglia from embryos at day 8.5-9 and decline thereafter. RT-PCR studies show that RAR gamma mRNA is expressed both early (day 6.5-7) and late (day 15) in ganglionic development. Transcripts for the NGF receptors, p75NGFR and p140trk were also examined. The appearance of a single 2.7 kb p140trk transcript coincides with the time when RAR beta mRNA is maximally expressed, raising the possibility that NGF receptors may be targets of retinoid action. Evidence is also presented that all-trans RA may enhance neurite outgrowth by mechanisms other than simply inducing NGF-responsiveness of neurons.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 302-79-4.
122. Pozzati, A.; Pancaldi, L. G.; Di Pasquale, G.; Pinelli, G.; Bugiardini, R. Transient sympathovagal imbalance triggers "ischemic" sudden death in patients undergoing electrocardiographic Holter monitoring. J-Am-Coll-Cardiol. 1996 Mar 15; 27(4): 847-52; ISSN: 0735-1097.
UNITED-STATES. OBJECTIVES. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between "ischemic" sudden death (arrhythmic death preceded by ST segment shift) and autonomic nervous system activity. Background. Mechanisms precipitating sudden death are poorly known despite the importance of detecting functional factors that may contribute to such a fatal event. METHODS. We analyzed the tapes of eight patients (seven men and one woman with a mean age of 66 +/- 8 years) who had ischemic sudden death during ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) monitoring. Four patients had unstable and four had stable angina; none was taking antiarrhythmic drugs. Twenty patients with angina and transient myocardial ischemia during Holter monitoring served as control subjects. Arrhythmias, ST segment changes and heart rate variability were analyzed by a computerized interactive Holter system. RESULTS. Five patients had ventricular tachyarrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation in three, ventricular tachycardia in two), and three had bradyarrhythmias (atrioventricular block in two, sinus arrest in one) as the terminal event; all eight patients showed ST segment shift (maximal change 0.46 +/- 0.16 mV; with ST elevation in two) that occurred 41 +/- 34 min (mean +/- SD) before sudden death. The standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN) was 89 +/- 33 ms during the 10 +/- 6 h of Holter monitoring; 5 min before the onset of the fatal ST shift, SDNN measurements were significantly lower than during the initial 5-min period (48 +/- 10 vs. 29 +/- 9 ms; p=0.002). In control patients, the SDNN was 102 +/- 39 ms during Holter monitoring, whereas it measured 56 +/- 30 ms 5 min before the most significant episode of ST shift (p<0.01 vs. 129 +/- 9 ms in the group with sudden death). CONCLUSIONS. Autonomic dysfunction, as detected by a marked decrease in heart rate variability, is present in the period (5 min) immediately preceding the onset of the ST shift precipitating ischemic sudden death. These data suggest that sympathovagal imbalance may trigger fatal arrhythmias during acute myocardial ischemia, thus resulting in sudden death.
123. Repa, J. J.; Plum, L. A.; Tadikonda, P. K.; Clagett Dame, M. All-trans 3,4-didehydroretinoic acid equals all-trans retinoic acid in support of chick neuronal development. FASEB-J. 1996 Jul; 10(9): 1078-84; ISSN: 0892-6638.
UNITED-STATES. All-trans 3,4-didehydroretinoic acid (at-ddRA) has been identified as a biologically important retinoid in avian, but not mammalian, embryonic development. In this report, we show that at-ddRA, like all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), supports the survival and differentiation of sympathetic neurons of the embryonic chick. Furthermore, the expression of the retinoid-responsive gene RARbeta2 is increased in neurons exposed to either at-ddRA or atRA. The mechanism whereby at-ddRA exerts its effects in chick neurons may involve binding to and activation of nuclear retinoid receptors. For this reason, the binding of recombinant chick RARbeta2 to at-ddRA and to receptor-specific DNA response elements was examined and compared with the binding characteristics of recombinant murine RARbeta2. The chick RARbeta2, like the mammalian RAR, binds to [3H]atRA with high affinity (Kd=0.7-2 nM). Furthermore, both chick and murine RARbeta2 bind equally well to at-ddRA, atRA, and 9-cis RA, but neither receptor shows appreciable binding to 13-cis RA. The chick RARbeta2 recognizes previously described retinoic acid response elements of mammalian gene promoters and, like mammalian RARbeta2, shows enhanced binding in the presence of RXR. This study provides evidence that at-ddRA, like atRA, supports neuronal development in the chick by its interaction with nuclear retinoid receptors.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 302-79-4; 4159-20-0.
124. Rios, R.; Stolfi, A.; Campbell, P. H.; Pickoff, A. S. Postnatal development of the putative neuropeptide-Y-mediated sympathetic--parasympathetic autonomic interaction. Cardiovasc-Res. 1996 Feb; 31 Spec No: E96-103; ISSN: 0008-6363.
NETHERLANDS. OBJECTIVE: Intense stellate ganglion stimulation causes a long-lasting inhibition of cardiac vagal responses in adult dogs. This inhibition is thought to result from the release of neuropeptide Y from sympathetic nerve terminals, which, in turn, blocks the release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic neurons. The purpose of this study was to characterize the developmental expression of this autonomic interaction in the dog. METHODS: We studied and compared the effects of 5-min trains of right stellate ganglion stimulation on cardiac chronotropic responses to supramaximal vagal stimulation trains in 10 neonatal dogs, 8 one-month-old puppies, 8 two-month-old puppies and 8 adult dogs. RESULTS: In the adult group, after 5 min of stellate stimulation, inhibition of the vagal chronotropic response was observed in 7 of 8 (87.5%). Inhibition was observed in 100% of the one-month-olds and in 87.5% of the two-month-olds. In contrast, in the neonates, inhibition was observed in only 4 of 10 (40%) (P < 0.05). The maximum percent inhibition of the cardiac vagal response was significantly less in the neonates than in the older puppies (P < 0.001) and adults (P < 0.01), and the summated inhibition also tended to be less in the neonates (P < 0.05 compared to one- and two-month-old puppies). Finally, in 60% of the neonates and 37.5% of all other animals vagal responses after stellate stimulation were facilitated, i.e. at least 20% greater than the pre-stellate stimulation values. CONCLUSION: The putative neuropeptide-Y-mediated, sympathetic-parasympathetic interaction is not fully expressed in the canine neonate. It appears to develop quite rapidly postnatally, being fully expressed by 1 month of age. We hypothesize that this developmental change is likely the result of maturation of sympathetic nervous system function after birth. The facilitation of the vagal chronotropic response, observed in some animals after stellate stimulation, is a new finding, and may represent yet another type of autonomic interaction.. 0.
125. Robinson, M.; Buj Bello, A.; Davies, A. M. Paracrine interactions of BDNF involving NGF-dependent embryonic sensory neurons. Mol-Cell-Neurosci. 1996 Feb; 7(2): 143-51; ISSN: 1044-7431.
UNITED-STATES. The expression of BDNF mRNA by a proportion of embryonic dorsal root ganglion neurons has led to the proposal that BDNF acts by an autocrine loop on these neurons. To clarify the role of BDNF expression in developing sensory neurons, we measured the level of BDNF mRNA in purified populations of cranial sensory neurons that depend on either NGF or BDNF for survival. When neuronal death is taking place, the highest levels of BDNF mRNA were detected in NGF-dependent cutaneous sensory neurons. BDNF mRNA was expressed at lower levels in BDNF-dependent cutaneous sensory neurons and was undetectable in BDNF-dependent proprioceptive neurons. In coculture, NGF-dependent neurons promoted the survival of BDNF-dependent neurons by the production and release of BDNF. Depolarizing levels of KCl increased the expression of BDNF mRNA in cultured sensory neurons and this effect was partially inhibited by calcium channel antagonists. Our results suggest that during the phase of naturally occurring neuronal death, BDNF acts by a paracrine mechanism in sensory neurons and that BDNF expression is regulated by neural activity.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 7447-40-7.
126. Rodi, Z.; Denislic, M.; Vodusek, D. B. External anal sphincter electromyography in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism [letter]. J-Neurol-Neurosurg-Psychiatry. 1996 Apr; 60(4): 460-1; ISSN: 0022-3050.
ENGLAND.
127. Sakai, K.; Maguchi, M.; Kohara, K.; Nishida, W.; Wakamiya, R.; Hara Nakamura, N.; Mukai, M.; Yokoyama, A.; Hiwada, K. [A case of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension manifesting sick sinus syndrome due to sympathetic nervous dysfunction]. Nippon-Ronen-Igakkai-Zasshi. 1996 Feb; 33(2): 105-9; ISSN: 0300-9173.
JAPAN. A 67-year-old woman with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension was presented. The patient started to experience faintness on standing since 1993. During a physical examination, her systolic blood pressure fell from 148 to 50 mmHg on standing. Blood pressure responses to the mental arithmetic test and hyperventilation stress were normal. However, cold pressor test failed to increase blood pressure. These observations, with the finding that phase IV response on Valsalva's maneuver was absent, indicate afferent sympathetic nervous dysfunction. Peripheral neuropathy including diabetes mellitus and involvement of central nervous system such as multiple system atrophy were excluded. Holter ECG examination revealed a 3.9 second sinus arrest and bradycardia (total beats 88901/day). the blunted responses of the heart rate to atropine as well as isoproterenol further suggested the presence of sick sinus syndrome. Amezinium administration significantly improved her orthostatic hypotension and eliminated sinus arrest. These findings indicate that sympathetic nervous dysfunction could account for at least a part of the sick sinus syndrome in this patient.. 0; 0; 41658-78-0.
128. Sawicki, P. T.; Muhlhauser, I.; Bender, R.; Pethke, W.; Heinemann, L.; Berger, M. Effects of smoking on blood pressure and proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy. J-Intern-Med. 1996 Apr; 239(4): 345-52; ISSN: 0954-6820.
ENGLAND. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of smoking on blood pressure and proteinuria in hypertensive diabetic patients with nephropathy. DESIGN: Controlled, randomized, cross-over study. SETTING: Tertiary care centre, University Hospital of Dusseldorf, Germany. SUBJECTS: A total of 25 subjects were recruited, each of whom smoked at least 20 cigarettes a day: 10 normotensive healthy volunteers and 15 hypertensive type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic outpatients with diabetic retinopathy and persistent micro- or macroalbuminuria; 10 diabetic patients had normal autonomic function test, whilst five patients showed signs of autonomic neuropathy. INTERVENTIONS: Controlled smoking or nonsmoking over a period of 8 h on separate days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Blood pressure was measured every 10 min with an automatic device and urine samples were collected every 3 h. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure increased during smoking in controls (mean) (11.5 mmHg, P = 0.0001) and in diabetic patients without autonomic neuropathy (7.9 mmHg; P = 0.018), but not in patients with autonomic neuropathy (-2.4 mmHg; P = 0.792). Diastolic blood pressure increased during smoking in controls (6.2 mmHg; P = 0.019) but not in diabetic patients (2.5 mmHg; P = 0.204. 0.2 mmHg; P = 0.956). During smoking, median proteinuria and albuminuria increased in diabetic patients without autonomic neuropathy (8.1 mg mmol-1 creatinine, P = 0.002; and 2.6 mg mmol creatinine, P = 0.084). No significant changes in albuminuria or proteinuria occurred in the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking increases blood pressure values in healthy subjects and in hypertensive patients with diabetic nephropathy and without autonomic neuropathy. This effect of smoking may be partly responsible for the faster progression of diabetic nephropathy in smoking diabetic patients.
129. Schabes, G. A.; Hillgen, JJ 4th. Pathologic mandibular fracture associated with familial dysautonomia. J-Oral-Maxillofac-Surg. 1996 Jan; 54(1): 116-8; ISSN: 0278-2391.
UNITED-STATES.
130. Schlack, W.; Thamer, V. Unilateral changes of sympathetic tone to the heart impair left ventricular function. Acta-Anaesthesiol-Scand. 1996 Feb; 40(2): 262-71; ISSN: 0001-5172.
DENMARK. BACKGROUND. Different regions within the left ventricle are preferentially supplied by the left or right sympathetic system. In order to characterize different influences of left vs right sympathetic lateralization on LV function, haemodynamic effects of right and left stellate ganglion stimulations (RSGS and LSGS) as well as a right sympathetic block (RSB) were compared. METHODS. Seven alpha-chloralose anaesthetized open chest dogs were instrumented for measurement of LV pressure (tip manometers) and regional LV wall thickness (WT, sonomicrometry) in the antero-apical wall (AW, innervated by right stellate ganglion) and postero-basal wall (PW, left stellate ganglion). Timing of regional myocadial wall motion was evaluated by the phase of the first Fourier transform of the WT signals, LV asynchrony by the phase difference (phi) between both regions, and LV diastolic function by the time constant of isovolumic relaxation (tau). Measurements were performed before and after RSB (5 ml of lidocaine 1%); in 6 dogs of this group, RSGS and LSGS (4 V, 0.2 ms, 20 Hz) were performed before RSB. In order to investigate a regional inotropic stimulation without systemic effect, 6 additional dogs received intracoronary noradrenaline injections (NIC, 0.25 microgram) into the left circumflex artery perfused myocardium. RESULTS. LSGS and NIC led to an earlier PW-motion within the cardiac cycle (phase reduction by 40.0 +/- 15.0 degree (SEM) and 55.5 +/- 11.2 degrees) and RSGS induced an earlier AW-motion (by 33.7 +/- 15.2 degrees). After RSB, AW-motion was delayed (38.1 +/- 9.2 degrees). The consequence was an asynchronous wall motion pattern after all interventions (change in phi: LSGS-64.7 +/- 18.7 degrees, RSGS 41.1 +/- 15.7 degrees, NIC -74.5 +/- 17.4 degrees, RSB -52.6 +/- 14.6 degrees), and a prolonged relaxation (tau increase: RSGS 9.4 +/- 1.9, NIC 8.3 +/- 1.5, RSB 3.7 +/- 0.8 ms). CONCLUSION. Unilateral increases as well as decreases of sympathetic tone to the heart result in an asynchronous wall motion pattern and an impaired LV relaxation.
131. Schmidt, R. E.; Dorsey, D. A.; Beaudet, L. N.; Reiser, K. M.; Williamson, J. R.; Tilton, R. G. Effect of aminoguanidine on the frequency of neuroaxonal dystrophy in the superior mesenteric sympathetic autonomic ganglia of rats with streptozocin-induced diabetes. Diabetes. 1996 Mar; 45(3): 284-90; ISSN: 0012-1797.
UNITED-STATES. Aminoguanidine, which prevents formation of advanced glycation end products and is a relatively selective potent inhibitor of the inducible (versus constitutive) isoform(s) of nitric oxide synthase, has been reported to ameliorate structural and functional abnormalities in peripheral somatic nerves in rats with streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. In the present studies, the effects of aminoguanidine treatment on ultrastructural changes in the autonomic nervous system of rats with STZ-induced diabetes were examined. The frequency of neuroaxonal dystrophy, the neuropathological hallmark of sympathetic autonomic neuropathy in diabetic rats, increased 9- to 11-fold in the superior mesenteric ganglia of 7- and 10-month STZ-diabetic rats compared with that in age-matched controls. Administration of aminoguanidine continuously from the time of induction of diabetes at a dose equal to or in excess of that providing a salutary effect in the diabetic somatic peripheral nervous system did not alter the severity of diabetes as assessed by plasma glucose level, 24-h urine volume, and levels of glycated hemoglobin. Chronic aminoguanidine therapy did not diminish the frequency or affect the ultrastructural appearance of neuroaxonal dystrophy in diabetic or age-matched control rat sympathetic ganglia after 7 or 10 months of continuous administration. Our findings (under these experimental conditions) do not support a role for aminoguanidine-sensitive processes in the development of sympathetic neuroaxonal dystrophy in diabetic rats. Glycation-linked aminoguanidine-insensitive processes, however, such as the formation of early glucose adducts (Schiff bases and Amadori products) with intracellular and/or extracellular proteins and amine-containing lipids, superoxide anion generation during subsequent autoxidation of these glucose adducts, and non-glycative processes, remain potential pathogenetic mechanisms for diabetic autonomic neuropathy.. EC 1.14.13.39; 0; 0; 79-17-4.
132. Simons, M.; de Strooper, B.; Multhaup, G.; Tienari, P. J.; Dotti, C. G.; Beyreuther, K. Amyloidogenic processing of the human amyloid precursor protein in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. J-Neurosci. 1996 Feb 1; 16(3): 899-908; ISSN: 0270-6474.
UNITED-STATES. The aim of this study was to investigate the proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in polarized primary cultures of hippocampal neurons. We have used the Semliki Forest virus (SFV) vector to express human APP695 in hippocampal neurons, sympathetic ganglia, and glial cells. The latter two cells secrete little or no APP, whereas hippocampal neurons secrete two forms of APP695, which differ in sialic acid content and in their kinetic appearance in the culture medium. In addition, rat hippocampal neurons expressing human APP produced significant amounts of the 4 kDa peptide beta A4. After 3 hr of metabolic labeling, the relative amount of beta A4 peptide to total cellular APP was 5.3%. Fibroblasts expressing APP695 using the same SFV vector mainly produced a related 3 kDa p3 peptide, a nonamyloidogenic fragment. Remarkably, the hippocampal neurons also produced significant amounts of beta A4-containing C-terminal fragments (10-12 kDa) intracellularly. Radiosequencing showed that these fragments were created at a previously described beta-secretase cleavage site and at a cleavage site 12 residues from the N terminus of the beta A4 domain (Thr584 of APP695), which we named delta-cleavage. Based on the observation that mature hippocampal neurons produce two potentially amyloidogenic fragments and secrete substantial amounts of beta A4 when expressing human APP, our results strengthen the hypothesis that neurons play a central role in the process of beta A4 deposition in cases of Alzheimer's disease and in aged primates.. EC 3.4.-; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 131-48-6.
133. Skok, V.; Ivanov, A.; Tatarchenko, L.; Maslov, V. Ganglionic neuronal mechanisms involved in circulatory control system. Acta-Neurobiol-Exp-Warsz. 1996; 56(1): 107-15; ISSN: 0065-1400.
POLAND. Intracellular tonic activity and responses to orthodromic stimuli were recorded from the neurones of rabbit superior cervical ganglion and compared with those recorded from the nerves containing pre- and postganglionic nerve fibres, with the use of a coherent recording technique. It was found that: (1) firing of each ganglion neurone is triggered by two presynaptic inputs, single and multiple, formed by a single preganglionic nerve fibre whose discharges evoke the postsynaptic spikes correlated with cardiac rhythm, and by a few converging preganglionic nerve fibres which evoke the postsynaptic spikes, either correlated with cardiac rhythm or irregular, only if two or more of them discharge together, correspondingly; (2) about 240 neurones of the ganglion, on the average, fire synchronously during their tonic activity, being driven by only three preganglionic nerve fibres; (3) only about 9% of a "neural unit", the number of the ganglion neurones receiving innervation from the same preganglionic nerve fibre, are discharged during their tonic activity through a single input, while the rest of neurones are either discharged through a multiple input (17%), or generate only the excitatory postsynaptic potentials subthreshold for spike generation (73%). The results obtained suggest that the ganglionic neuronal mechanisms responsible for vasomotor control involve much more complex ganglionic integrative processes than it has been commonly thought.. 0.
134. Smith, G. D.; Mathias, C. J. Differences in cardiovascular responses to supine exercise and to standing after exercise in two clinical subgroups of Shy-Drager syndrome (multiple system atrophy). J-Neurol-Neurosurg-Psychiatry. 1996 Sep; 61(3): 297-303; ISSN: 0022-3050.
ENGLAND. BACKGROUND: In chronic autonomic failure of varying aetiologies, there are differences in the cardiovascular responses to supine leg exercise and to standing after exercise. Whether this occurs between the different subgroups with Shy-Drager syndrome (SDS) is unknown. METHODS: Fourteen patients with the cerebellar form (SDS-C) and 11 patients with parkinsonian features (SDS-P) were studied. RESULTS: Both groups had a similar degree of autonomic failure and postural hypotension. Their responses were compared with nine patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and 15 normal subjects (controls), all with normal autonomic function. With supine exercise, blood pressure and heart rate rose similarly in controls and patients with IPD and there was no fall in blood pressure on standing after exercise. In both SDS groups there were abnormal responses to exercise: blood pressure fell in SDS-C, but did not fall or rise in SDS-P. Heart rate increased similarly in both SDS groups, calculated systemic vascular resistance fell similarly, but cardiac index rose more in SDS-P than SDS-C. Resting plasma noradrenaline concentrations were subnormal in both forms of SDS, and did not increase with exercise. Postural hypotension was enhanced after exercise to the same extent in SDS-C and SDS-P. CONCLUSIONS: The greater cardiovascular abnormalities in response to exercise in SDS-C suggests that cerebellar or brain stem autonomic pathways are impaired to a greater extent in SDS-C than in SDS-P. Pooling SDS subgroups, therefore, may obscure pathophysiological differences to certain stimuli. Clinically when postural hypotension is being assessed, separation of the subgroups may not be essential, as they responded similarly.
135. Snoek, G. J. [Autonomic dysreflexia: a life-threatening complication in patients with a high-level spinal cord injury]. Autonome dysreflexie: een levensbedreigende complicatie bij patienten met een hoge dwarslaesie. Ned-Tijdschr-Geneeskd. 1996 Aug 24; 140(34): 1729-32; ISSN: 0028-2162.
NETHERLANDS. A 37-year-old patient with a traumatic spinal cord injury at the level CVI is described, suffering from a urinary tract infection which was complicated by autonomic dysreflexia. Autonomic dysreflexia occurs only in patients with a spinal cord injury at TVI or above. A variety of afferent stimuli (mostly emerging from bladder or bowel) can induce an uncontrolled sympathetic reaction of the spinal cord below the laesion level that is isolated from the vasomotor centre. This reaction induces vasoconstriction below the laesion. Compensating mechanisms are insufficient to compensate for the vasoconstriction below the laesion. As a result there is a fast rise in blood pressure up to extreme values with a serious risk of cardiac and cerebral complications. Knowledge of these phenomena as well as of the preventive and therapeutic measures is essential since the prevalence of spinal cord injury patients in the population is increasing.
136. Sosunov, A. A.; Hamdorf, G.; Cervos Navarro, J.; Shvalev, V. N. [The structure of the stellate sympathetic ganglia under long-term hypoxia]. Stroenie zvezdchatykh simpaticheskikh gangliev v usloviiakh dlitel'noi gipoksii. Morfologiia. 1996; 109(1): 12-7; ISSN: 0004-1947.
RUSSIA. Changes of mitochondrial ultrastructure indicating not only degenerative processes but also the presence of organelle adaptive reactions were demonstrated in sympathetic neurons. Appearance of osmiophilic inclusions in mitochondrial matrix relates to most typical organelle alterations in ageing. Number of smooth endoplasmic reticulum vesicles equal in size to synaptic vesicles of nerve cells processes grows higher. Such vesicles are usually located near postsynaptic active zones and areas with neuronal plasmolemma free from glia. Their outward resemblance does not allow to claim that neuromediators and neuromodulators may turn up in these vesicles, although dendrites contain and may release certain biologically active substances. Basic difference between 24 and 30-months old rats lies in earlier degenerations of nerve cells in old animals. Forming of dark granules may be also associated with conditions of fixation. Small granular (SG) cells lacked typical lipofuscine granules, while their ultrastructure changed insignificantly. SG cells capacity to divide mitotically in functional maturity is likely to be one of the possible explanations of such difference.
137. Studer, E. M.; Harms, M.; Masouye, I.; Peclard, N. [Nail changes within the scope of reflex dystrophy]. Nagelveranderungen im Rahmen einer Reflexdystrophie. Hautarzt. 1996 Mar; 47(3): 206-8; ISSN: 0017-8470.
GERMANY. We describe a 16-year-old boy with reflex sympathetic dystrophy after a fracture of the right hand. He had inflammation of the proximal nail folds and arrested nail growth of digits 3, 4 and 5 on the right hand. After 2 months lymphatic drainage treatment, the changes of the nails had disappeared.
138. Suarez, G. A. [Diagnosis and treatment of the neurovegetative disorders: autonomic neuropathies]. Diagnostico y tratamiento de los trastornos del sistema neurovegetativo: neuropatias autonomicas. Rev-Neurol. 1996 Jun; 24(130): 671-5; ISSN: 0210-0010.
SPAIN.
139. Subramony, P.; Dryer, S. E. The effects of innervation on the developmental expression of Ca(2+)-activated K+ currents in embryonic parasympathetic neurons are not activity-dependent. Brain-Res-Dev-Brain-Res. 1996 Jan 22; 91(1): 149-52; ISSN: 0165-3806.
NETHERLANDS. Chronic blockade of synaptic transmission in ovo using mecamylamine, a neuronal nicotinic receptor antagonist, caused a large increase in naturally occurring cell death in the embryonic chick ciliary ganglion. However, the Ca(2+)-activated K+ currents in embryonic day 13 mecamylamine-treated ciliary ganglion neurons were indistinguishable from those of saline-treated controls. Therefore, the trophic effect of preganglionic innervation on the developmental expression of Ca(2+)-activated K+ current is not dependent upon intact nicotinic cholinergic synaptic transmission and may instead be mediated by a nerve terminal-derived differentiation factor.. 0; 0; 60-40-2; 7440-70-2.
140. Sugita, S.; Iizuka, Y.; Sugahara, K. Organization of the vagal preganglionic neurons innervating the stomach in the Japanese quail (Conturinx japonica) double labeling fluorescent method. J-Vet-Med-Sci. 1996 Mar; 58(3): 229-34; ISSN: 0916-7250.
JAPAN. Cytoarchitectural study indicated that the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve (nX) was formed by two subnuclei in a coronal section. One of them had large and round neurons, and occupied the dorsal part of the nX (Xd). The second one had small and oval neurons, and occupied the ventral part of the nX (Xv). The double labeling fluorescent method was performed to determine the organization of preganglionic neurons in the nX innervating different muscles of the quail stomach. Injections of nuclear yellow (NY) into the proventriculus, and of fast blue (FB) into the gizzard showed that there were no double-labeled neurons in the nX. NY- and FB-labeled neurons were found throughout the nX. After separate injections of NY and FB into both the cranioventral and caudodorsal thick muscles, and the craniodorsal and caudodorsal thin muscles, many NY- and FB-labeled neurons were distributed and intermingled in the middle two thirds of the nX. Considerable numbers of double-labeled neurons were also found at the middle level of the nX. There was no side-predominancy of the population of the preganglionic neurons innervating the quail stomach. These results show that, many neurons of both sides of the nX are separately innervating both the proventriculus and gizzard, and considerable numbers of single neurons of the nX also innervate a pair of thin or thick muscles with collateral axons.. 0; 0; 0; 74681-68-8; 74749-42-1.
141. Sun, X. P.; Stanley, E. F. An ATP-activated, ligand-gated ion channel on a cholinergic presynaptic nerve terminal. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. 1996 Mar 5; 93(5): 1859-63; ISSN: 0027-8424.
UNITED-STATES. ATP has recently been identified as a fast neurotransmitter in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Several studies have suggested that ATP can also affect the release of classical neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine with which it is co-released. We have searched for ATP receptors on a cholinergic presynaptic nerve terminal using the calyx-type synapse of the chicken ciliary ganglion. ATP was pulsed onto the terminals under voltage clamp and induced a short latency cation current that exhibited inward rectification and marked desensitization. This current was not seen with adenosine but was mimicked by several sterically restricted ATP analogs and was blocked by suramin. ATP-activated single ion channels exhibited prominent flickering and had a conductance of approximately 17 pS. Our results demonstrate a ligand-gated P2X-like purinergic receptor on a cholinergic presynaptic nerve terminal.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 145-63-1; 56-65-5.
142. Sun, Y.; Landis, S. C.; Zigmond, R. E. Signals triggering the induction of leukemia inhibitory factor in sympathetic superior cervical ganglia and their nerve trunks after axonal injury. Mol-Cell-Neurosci. 1996 Feb; 7(2): 152-63; ISSN: 1044-7431.
UNITED-STATES. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) plays an important role in regulating neuropeptide expression in sympathetic and sensory neurons after axonal transection. By 2 h after axotomy, LIF mRNA increased in nonneuronal cells in sympathetic ganglia and peripheral nerve. In addition, within 1 h of explanting sympathetic ganglia or segments of sympathetic nerve trunks, a protein factor(s) that was able to induce LIF mRNA both in sympathetic cultures and in intact ganglia in vivo was released. This factor(s) appeared to be present in sympathetic ganglia and their nerve trunks under normal conditions and to be activated and/or released after axonal injury. Since the factor(s) has a molecular weight(s) greater than 66 kDa, and no other proteins of such high molecular weight have been previously identified with LIF-inducing activity, it appears to be a novel inducer of LIF.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 37221-79-7; 66-81-9; 88813-36-9.
143. Takenaka, T.; Kawakami, T. Signal transduction mechanism responsible for changes in axoplasmic transport caused by neurotransmitters. Neurochem-Res. 1996 May; 21(5): 553-6; ISSN: 0364-3190.
UNITED-STATES. Transduction mechanism for modulation of axoplasmic transport by neurotransmitters was studied using cultured mouse superior cervical ganglion cells. The transported particles were analyzed with a computer-assisted video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscope system. Acetylcholine depressed and adrenaline increased axoplasmic transport. GTP-binding proteins linked with both receptors activate or inactivate adenylyl cyclase, thereby altering the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP. The cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A, which phosphorylates certain enzymes and the enzymes in turn phosphorylate motor proteins. An inhibitor protein kinase A, KT5720, decreases the number of the transported particles. In a stable state the cyclic AMP level stays at a normal level. Treatment with neurotransmitters causes a change in this level, which changes the activity of protein kinase A and thus decreases or enhances the phosphorylation of motor proteins. These changes are involved in the modulation of axoplasmic transport.. EC 2.7.10.-; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 108068-98-0; 51-43-4; 51-84-3; 60-92-4.
144. Testa, D.; Filippini, G.; Farinotti, M.; Palazzini, E.; Caraceni, T. Survival in multiple system atrophy: a study of prognostic factors in 59 cases. J-Neurol. 1996 May; 243(5): 401-4; ISSN: 0340-5354.
GERMANY. The various clinical features of multiple system atrophy (MSA) make the diagnosis of the disease difficult, especially in its early stages, when signs of differentiated neuroanatomical system involvement have not yet appeared. Mortality studies may be affected by the variability of the diagnostic criteria and selection bias. We used strict clinical and MRI criteria to diagnose MSA in 59 patients. Patients with parkinsonian and cerebellar onset were compared. Median survival time from the onset of the first motor symptom was 7.5 years. Our results indicated a trend (P = 0.09) for the Northwestern University Disability Scale score to correlate with mortality, but we failed to find other characteristics identifying subgroups or predictors for survival.
145. Thimineur, M. A.; Saberski, L. Complex regional pain syndrome type I (RSD) or peripheral mononeuropathy? A discussion of three cases. Clin-J-Pain. 1996 Jun; 12(2): 145-50; ISSN: 0749-8047.
UNITED-STATES. OBJECTIVE: Peripheral nerve pathology commonly results in symptoms that suggest a diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I (RSD). We briefly review common symptoms of peripheral nerve pathology (referred pain, hyperpathia, and autonomic changes) and present three illustrative cases of peripheral nerve injury misdiagnosed and treated as RSD. The nonspecificity of current taxonomy regarding CRPS as it relates to the three cases is emphasized. DESIGN: The study is case series. SETTING: All three of the cases were diagnosed and treated for their painful symptoms at a university hospital clinic that provides multispecialty evaluations for painful conditions. PATIENTS: The three patients all had work-related injuries resulting in pain, hyperpathia, and autonomic changes in one of their upper extremities. Their injuries were representative of common peripheral nerve lesions, one being a neuroma, one an irritative lesion, and one an entrapment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The clinical entity of CRPS quite apparently encompasses symptomatology caused by peripheral nerve entrapment, irritative lesions, and neuroma. As such, its use as a diagnostic end point may overlook these treatable conditions. As illustrated in these cases, peripheral nerve pathology may prove a diagnostic challenge and alternative techniques of investigation other than electrophysiologic studies are often helpful.
146. Toyry, J. P.; Niskanen, L. K.; Lansimies, E. A.; Partanen, K. P.; Uusitupa, M. I. Autonomic neuropathy predicts the development of stroke in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Stroke. 1996 Aug; 27(8): 1316-8; ISSN: 0039-2499.
UNITED-STATES. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our aim was to determine the predictive factors for stroke in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). METHODS: We studied 133 patients with NIDDM at the time of diagnosis and 5 and 10 years later. RESULTS: The number of new fatal or nonfatal strokes was 19 (14.7%; 14 after 5-year examination). High initial fasting blood glucose (odds ratio [OR], 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 1.4) and the use of beta-blocking agents (OR, 6.7; 95% CI, 2.1 to 21.5) at baseline and the presence of parasympathetic neuropathy (OR, 6.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 29.9), or sympathetic autonomic nervous dysfunction (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.2), hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 5.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 31.0), or use of beta-blocking agents (OR, 6.4; 95% CI, 1.3 to 31.2), and high fasting plasma glucose (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.5) determined at 5-year examination predicted the development of stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Autonomic neuropathy is an independent risk factor for stroke in NIDDM.. 0; 0; 57-88-5.
147. Toyry, J. P.; Niskanen, L. K.; Mantysaari, M. J.; Lansimies, E. A.; Uusitupa, M. I. Occurrence, predictors, and clinical significance of autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM. Ten-year follow-up from the diagnosis. Diabetes. 1996 Mar; 45(3): 308-15; ISSN: 0012-1797.
UNITED-STATES. Little is known about the occurrence and predictive factors of autonomic neuropathy and its relationship to cardiovascular mortality in NIDDM patients, and no long-term follow-up studies including nondiabetic control subjects are available. A total of 133 patients with newly diagnosed NIDDM (70 men) and 144 control subjects (62 men) were examined at baseline and after 5 and 10 years of follow-up. Deep-breathing tests (baseline, 5-year, and 10-year) and active orthostatic tests (5- and 10-year) were performed. Criteria for autonomic neuropathy were parasympathetic (expiration-to-inspiration ratio </- 1.10), sympathetic (systolic blood pressure decrease >/- 30 mmHg in the orthostatic test), and combined autonomic neuropathy (parasympathetic with sympathetic neuropathy). The frequency of parasympathetic neuropathy (NIDDM patients versus control subjects) was 4.9 vs. 2.2% (P = 0.224) at baseline, 19.6 vs. 8.5% (P = 0.017) at 5 years, and 65.0 vs. 28.0% (P < 0.001) at 10 years of follow-up. The frequency of sympathetic neuropathy was 6.8 vs. 5.6% (P = 0.709) at 5 years and 24.4 vs. 9.0% (P = 0.003) at 10 years of follow- up. These figures for combined autonomic neuropathy were 2.1 vs. 1.8% (P = 0.869) at 5 years and 15.2 vs. 4.2% (P = 0.007) at 10 years of follow-up. NIDDM patients with parasympathetic neuropathy at the 10-year examination showed worse glycemic control and higher insulin values than those without parasympathetic neuropathy. Furthermore, in our subjects, women were more prone to have parasympathetic neuropathy than men. Parasympathetic neuropathy at baseline was more frequent in those who died from a cardiovascular cause than those who did not (13 vs. 3%, P = 0.045). Similarly, sympathetic autonomic nervous dysfunction at the 5-year examination predicted the 10-year cardiovascular mortality. In conclusion, the frequency of autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM patients increases sharply with time. The development of autonomic neuropathy is connected with poor glycemic control. Interestingly, a high insulin level seems to have a predictive role in the development of parasympathetic autonomic neuropathy irrespective of obesity and glycemia.. 0; 11061-68-0.
148. Ubaidullaev, A. M.; Gafurov, B. G.; Kaiumkhodzhaeva, M. A. [Psychoautonomic disorders in bronchial asthma patients]. Psikhovegetativnye narusheniia u bol'nykh bronkhial'noi astmoi. Ter-Arkh. 1996; 68(3): 44-7; ISSN: 0040-3660.
RUSSIA. The results of psychological and vegetative investigations in 142 patients with bronchial asthma (BA) demonstrated that BA gives rise to psychovegetative syndrome resultant from parasympathetic orientation of the vegetative tone and reactivity, weak vegetative support of muscular and mental activity. These vegetative shifts occur in line with enhanced ascending nonspecific activation and anxious-hypochondriac traits of personality.
149. Usai, P.; Usai Satta, P.; Savarino, V.; Boy, M. F. Autonomic neuropathy in adult celiac disease [letter]. Am-J-Gastroenterol. 1996 Aug; 91(8): 1676-7; ISSN: 0002-9270.
UNITED-STATES.
150. Ushiyama, M.; Ikeda, S.; Suzuki, T.; Yazawa, M.; Yanagisawa, N.; Tsujino, S. Acute pandysautonomia: mass spectrometric and histopathological studies of the sympathetic nervous system during long term L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine treatment. J-Neurol-Neurosurg-Psychiatry. 1996 Jul; 61(1): 99-102; ISSN: 0022-3050.
ENGLAND. Stable isotope labelled L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-DOPS) infusion tests and histopathological studies of the rectal autonomic nerves were performed in a patient with acute pandysautonomia. A pronounced increase in blood pressure occurred and stable isotope labelled noradrenaline appeared in the plasma during L-DOPS infusion in the acute stage, but decreased during the next three years. Noradrenergic nerve fibres in the rectal mucosa showed no recovery, and so clinical improvement had occurred without apparent significant regeneration of the peripheral autonomic nerves.. 23651-95-8; 51-41-2.
151. van, der Laan L.; Goris, R. J. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy after a burn injury. Burns. 1996 Jun; 22(4): 303-6; ISSN: 0305-4179.
ENGLAND. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is a disease that can appear after minor trauma or operation to an extremity. The injury may vary from a simple contusion to a fracture. The prevalence of burns as a cause of RSD, within a population of 829 patients with RSD, was studied retrospectively. Prospectively, we documented the medical history, signs and symptoms of all patients with RSD, seen by our department during the period from January 1984 to 31 December 1994. Four patients had developed RSD after a burn injury, resulting in a prevalence of 0.5 per cent. Though the clinical signs of early RSD are similar to those of a (thermal) burn, alertness to recognize inflammatory signs, in combination with the increase in complaints after exercise, is necessary for early diagnosis and treatment of the complicating RSD.
152. Verrotti, A.; Chiarelli, F.; Morgese, G. Autonomic dysfunction in newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus children. Pediatr-Neurol. 1996 Jan; 14(1): 49-52; ISSN: 0887-8994.
UNITED-STATES. In order to evaluate the presence of electrophysiologic signs of autonomic dysfunction (AD) in newly diagnosed diabetic children, cardiovascular reflex tests were performed in 55 (30 female, 25 male) newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients aged 10.3-20.7 years (mean +/- S.D.: 15.2 +/- 5.6). Ten (18.2%) diabetic children had cardiovascular AD, defined as abnormal results in 2 of 5 tests. Autonomic function tests were assessed at entry and after 12, 24, and 36 months of the study. All diabetic children received human insulin and followed an intensive insulin treatment (3 or 4 injections per day), associated with a teaching program of self-management of the disease. In the 3 years of follow-up, all children improved the quality of metabolic control (glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1c: 10.3 +/- 1.1% versus 7.7 +/- 0.9; P < .01) and manifested no significant difference between baseline and follow-up values of autonomic function tests which remained unchanged in spite of this improvement. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction can be present in newly diagnosed IDDM children and it seems to be stable in children who follow an intensive insulin injection therapy.. 0; 11061-68-0.
153. Vita, G.; Savica, V.; Milone, S.; Trusso, A.; Bellinghieri, G.; Messina, C. Uremic autonomic neuropathy: recovery following bicarbonate hemodialysis. Clin-Nephrol. 1996 Jan; 45(1): 56-60; ISSN: 0301-0430.
GERMANY. Autonomic function was followed in 8 chronic uremic patients on periodic hemodialysis over a period of almost eight years. The cardiovascular autonomic testing included R-R interval variation test, deep breathing, Valsalva manoeuvre, heart rate and blood pressure responses to standing, sustained handgrip. The patients were investigated on entry into the study and after 18, 56, and 92 months. Six months after the study at time 56 months, they switched from acetate to bicarbonate dialysis. The response to deep breathing test was significantly reduced at time 18 months versus baseline (P = 0.014), but significantly increased at time 92 months versus 56 months (P = 0.042). A significant decrease was found in the systolic blood pressure response to standing between baseline and 18 months (P = 0.014) and in the response to handgrip test between 18 and 56 months (P = 0.014). Multivariate analysis of the autonomic tests by a pattern recognition method (Bayesian analysis) showed that, at the time of entry into the study, two out of eight patients had autonomic damage. At 18 and 56 months, 6/8 patients had autonomic dysfunction. At the last time of investigation, 30 months after the onset of bicarbonate dialysis, all the patients showed a reversal of autonomic damage. Age and duration of dialysis on entry did not affect autonomic function. The present study is the first demonstration that autonomic neuropathy can recover after long-term dialysis. Since chronic hypoxemia is a cause of polyneuropathy, we postulate that: 1) hypoxemia in dialysis patients may have a role in the pathogenesis of uremic polyneuropathy, and particularly of autonomic dysfunction; 2) in patients on bicarbonate dialysis, a greater hemodynamic stability with less hypoxemia may lead to a recovery of autonomic function.. 0; 0; 0.
154. Wackym, P. A.; Chen, C. T.; Ishiyama, A.; Pettis, R. M.; Lopez, I. A.; Hoffman, L. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype mRNAs in the human and rat vestibular periphery. Cell-Biol-Int. 1996 Mar; 20(3): 187-92; ISSN: 1065-6995.
ENGLAND. The expression of the five muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes (m1-m5) in the vestibular end-organs and in the primary afferent vestibular ganglia of the human and rat was studied using RT-PCR from the two tissue populations from both species. In the human, although all five mAChR subtypes were expressed in brain, only the m1, m2, and m5 mAChR subtypes were amplified from both the vestibular ganglia and the vestibular end-organs, while in the rat, all five mAChR subtypes were expressed. These data suggest that the efferent cholinergic axo-dendritic and axo-somatic synapses have a muscarinic component and that there are pharmacologic implications for patients with vestibular dysfunction.. 0; 0; 0; 0.
155. Wajima, Z.; Shitara, T.; Inoue, T.; Ogawa, R. [Linear polarized light irradiation around the stellate ganglion area increases skin temperature and blood flow]. Masui. 1996 Apr; 45(4): 433-8; ISSN: 0021-4892.
JAPAN. We evaluated the effect of linear polarized light irradiation with a SUPER LIZER around the stellate ganglion area on skin temperature and blood flow in healthy adult volunteers. We carried out two experiments (study I and study II). In study I, we investigated one-sided irradiation around the stellate ganglion area or posterior neck on the skin temperature of the bilateral nasus externi and earlobes. In study II, we investigated one-sided irradiation around the stellate ganglion area or posterior neck on the skin temperatures of both hands and skin blood flow on the irradiated side. In study I, irradiation around the stellate ganglion area increased skin temperature on the irradiated sides of the nasus externi (wings of the nose), and in study II, skin temperature and blood flow were increased on the irradiated side of the hands. These results suggest that linear polarized light irradiation with a SUPER LIZER around the stellate ganglion area would be useful and beneficial in clinical therapy.
156. Wakisaka, S.; Youn, S. H.; Kato, J.; Takemura, M.; Kurisu, K. Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive primary afferents in the dental pulp and periodontal ligament following nerve injury to the inferior alveolar nerve in the rat. Brain-Res. 1996 Mar 11; 712(1): 11-8; ISSN: 0006-8993.
NETHERLANDS. The distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive (IR) primary afferents in the dental pulp and periodontal ligament of the rat mandible were examined following combined chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and sympathectomy of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG). NPY-IR nerve fibers were observed around the blood vessels in the trigeminal ganglion, dental pulp and periodontal ligament in normal animals. Following combined CCI of the IAN and sympathectomy of SCG (SCGx), perivascular NPY-IR nerve fibers originating from SCG disappeared completely, but many NPY-IR nerve fibers coming from the trigeminal ganglion appeared in the dental pulp and periodontal ligament. In the molar dental pulp, thick NPY-IR nerve fibers were observed within the nerve bundle, and some thin NPY-IR nerve fibers ran towards the odontoblast layer; very few NPY-IR nerve fibers were observed in the incisor pulp. In the periodontal ligament of molar, thick NPY-IR nerve fibers appeared at the alveolar part following combined CCI of IAN and SCGx. In the lingual portion of the periodontal ligament of the incisor, many thick NPY-IR nerve fibers were observed. These occasionally showed a tree-like appearance, resembling immature Ruffini endings; slowly adapting mechanoreceptors. The present results indicate that periodontal mechanoreceptors are among the main targets of injury-evoked NPY following IAN injury.. 0.
157. Warren, D.; Lavidis, N. A.; Bennett, M. R. Quantal secretion from visualized boutons on rat pelvic ganglion neurones. J-Auton-Nerv-Syst. 1996 Jan 5; 56(3): 175-83; ISSN: 0165-1838.
NETHERLANDS. Synaptic transmission from single preganglionic hypogastric nerves innervating monopolar pelvic ganglion neurones has been studied with intracellular electrodes to record transmission from all the boutons and with extracellular electrodes placed over boutons visualized with DiOC2(5) in order to record transmission from selected boutons. Intracellular electrodes revealed spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) with amplitude histograms that show increasing numbers of large EPSPs as the external calcium ([Ca2+]o) was increased from 0.15 to 1.0 mM. These histograms were in general well fitted by a Poisson mixture of gamma distributions. Extracellular electrodes placed over visualized boutons revealed evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (extracellular EPSPs) with amplitude histograms that were best described by single gamma distributions in most cases in low [Ca2+]o (less than 0.5 mM). The standard deviation of these gammas was not much larger than that of the electrical noise. In a minority of extracellular recordings the amplitude histogram of evoked extracellular EPSPs was best described by a gamma distribution in which the standard deviation was much greater than that of the noise. Confocal microscopy of boutons orthogradely labelled with dextran-rhodamine showed that about 30% of these formed closely apposing pairs on the surface of the neurones. These observations are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that multiquantal release at boutons occurs as a consequence of the coupled secretion from closely apposed boutons.. 0; 0; 0; 37069-75-3.
158. Watkins, C. J.; Newberry, N. R. Multiple 5-HT receptors in the guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion. Br-J-Pharmacol. 1996 Jan; 117(1): 21-8; ISSN: 0007-1188.
ENGLAND. 1. We have studied the pharmacology of the depolarization by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) of the guinea-pig isolated superior cervical ganglion (SCG) using the grease-gap technique. We studied the effects of selective and non-selective antagonists on the responses to 5-HT and other 5-HT receptor agonists. 2. We have extended the pharmacology of the 5-HT3 receptor in this preparation by studying the effects of granisetron, BRL 46470 and mianserin on the concentration-response curve (CRC) to 2-methyl-5-HT. As with other 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, these compounds exhibited a lower affinity for guinea-pig 5-HT3 receptors than for rat 5-HT3 receptors. 3. We have confirmed that low concentrations of 5-HT (< or = 1 microM) mediate ketanserin-sensitive responses and higher concentrations of 5-HT also recruit 5-HT3 receptors. The responses to low concentrations of 5-HT were antagonized by low concentrations of ketanserin, spiperone, mianserin, DOI and LSD indicating probably mediation by 5-HT2A receptors. At high concentrations, the hallucinogen, DOI, but not LSD, evoked a ketanserin-sensitive depolarization. 4. Although mianserin could bind to the 5-HT2A receptors in this preparation, we could not demonstrate a down-regulation of depolarizations evoked by these receptors after a 10 day oral treatment with mianserin (10 mg kg-1, daily). 5. 5-Carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) evoked a prolonged depolarization. Although high concentrations of 5-CT (> or = microM) appeared to activate 5-HT2A receptors, lower concentrations of 5-CT evoked a response with a distinct pharmacology. After studying the action of 20 selective and non-selective 5-HT receptor ligands we believe that this response may be mediated by a novel receptor; but its pharmacology is closest to that of receptors in the 5-HT2 receptor family. Like 5-CT, 5-HT (3-300 microM) could evoke an LSD-sensitive response in the presence of the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, ketanserin and the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, tropisetron (all 1 microM). 6. We conclude that 5-HT activates three pharmacologically distinct receptors to depolarize the guinea-pig SCG. Low concentrations of 5-HT appear to activate 5-HT2A receptors. Higher concentrations of 5-HT also activate 5-HT3 receptors and a possible novel 5-HT receptor. The novel receptor could be a species homologue of a 5-HT2 receptor or an, as yet, unclassified 5-HT receptor.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 24219-97-4; 50-67-9; 64584-34-5; 74885-09-9; 78263-90-8.
159. Weissgold, D. J.; Galetta, S. L. Horner's syndrome after vertical ramus osteotomy: report of a case. J-Oral-Maxillofac-Surg. 1996 Jul; 54(7): 913-4; ISSN: 0278-2391.
UNITED-STATES.
160. Xie, Y.; McHugh, T.; McKay, J.; Jones, GS Jr; Loring, R. H. Evidence that a nereistoxin metabolite, and not nereistoxin itself, reduces neuronal nicotinic receptors: studies in the whole chick ciliary ganglion, on isolated neurons and immunoprecipitated receptors. J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1996 Jan; 276(1): 169-77; ISSN: 0022-3565.
UNITED-STATES. Nereistoxin (100 microM, 2-10 min) blocks nicotinic receptors in the intact chick ciliary ganglion. This effect mimics blockade by the reducing agent dithiothreitol (2 mM, 20 min), which is not reversed until oxidation with dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid (1 mM, 5 min). After treating intact ganglia with either nereistoxin or dithiothreitol, the affinity alkylating agent bromoacetylcholine causes irreversible blockade that cannot be reversed by dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid. These data suggest that nereistoxin, or a metabolite, acts to reduce nicotinic receptors, although nereistoxin differs from dithiothreitol in that agonists only partially protect against nereistoxin reduction. In studies on chick retina, we previously proposed that a metabolite of nereistoxin (such as dihydronereistoxin) is the actual reducing agent for neuronal nicotinic receptors. Current findings in chick ciliary ganglion supporting this hypothesis include: 1) changing pH alters the minimal nereistoxin concentration needed for blockade in intact ganglia, but has little effect on the minimal concentration needed for dithiothreitol, 2) application of a quaternary analog of nereistoxin has little effect on intact ganglion, but a quaternary analog of dihydronereistoxin blocks nicotinic receptors by reduction, 3) nereistoxin weakly oxidizes rather than reduces immunoprecipitated receptors from chick brain and 4) in whole-cell patch-clamp studies, nereistoxin clearly does not reduce receptors on chick ciliary neurons, although dihydronereistoxin mimics receptor blockade by dithiothreitol, and requires oxidation by dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid for reactivation. Together, these data suggest that nereistoxin is not a direct reducing agent for neuronal nicotinic receptors.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 1631-58-9; 19216-75-2; 51-84-3; 66-23-9.
161. Yum, L.; Wolf, K. M.; Chiappinelli, V. A. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in separate brain regions exhibit different affinities for methyllycaconitine. Neuroscience. 1996 May; 72(2): 545-55; ISSN: 0306-4522.
UNITED-STATES. The family of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors contains numerous subtypes. Since the subunit compositions of most native neuronal nicotinic receptors are unknown, an important method for distinguishing subtypes of functional neuronal receptors is based on pharmacological criteria, such as affinity for snake toxins. We have now examined the affinities of native chick nicotinic receptors for methyllycaconitine, a toxin purified from Delphinium. We find that methyllycaconitine is a potent antagonist at central nicotinic receptors located on Edinger-Westphal neurons, producing nearly complete functional blockade of nicotinic responses at 10 nM. In marked contrast, methyllycaconitine is 1000-fold less potent at blocking nicotinic responses in the lateral spiriform nucleus. Methyllycaconitine inhibits kappa-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic receptors in ciliary ganglia at 0.5-1.0 microM. Radioligand binding studies also reveal heterogeneity in the affinity of the toxin for nicotinic receptors. Methyllycaconitine binds most avidly to [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin sites in brain (Ki = 5.4 nM), and is 200-fold less potent at muscle nicotinic receptors (IC50 = 1.1 microM). The least potent binding of the toxin is to [3H]nicotine sites in brain (Ki = 3.7 microM). Methyllycaconitine is thus a useful pharmacological tool for distinguishing certain subtypes of native nicotinic receptors. The relatively low affinity of the toxin for nicotinic receptors in the lateral spiriform nucleus is consistent with the known properties of these receptors, which include a high affinity for [3H]nicotine and a lack of sensitivity to alpha- and kappa-bungarotoxin. On the basis of high affinity for methyllycaconitine and insensitivity to alpha-bungarotoxin, the nicotinic receptors in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus are unlike any previously described nicotinic receptor subtype.. 0; 0; 0; 21019-30-7; 302-27-2; 51-83-2; 54-11-5.
162. Zagvazdin, Y. S.; Fitzgerald, M. E.; Sancesario, G.; Reiner, A. Neural nitric oxide mediates Edinger-Westphal nucleus evoked increase in choroidal blood flow in the pigeon. Invest-Ophthalmol-Vis-Sci. 1996 Mar; 37(4): 666-72; ISSN: 0146-0404.
UNITED-STATES. PURPOSE: Nitric oxide (NO) has been identified as a putative neurotransmitter in choroidal perivascular nerve fibers originating parasympathetically. Although constitutively produced NO has been implicated in the regulation of the choroidal circulation, the specific role of neurally derived NO in choroidal vasodilation has not been determined. This study examined the role of neurally derived NO in the control of the choroidal blood flow (ChBF) in vivo. METHODS: Resting ChBF and a increase in ChBF elicited by electrical stimulation of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal (EW) were measured transclerally by laser Doppler flowmetry in anesthetized pigeons before and after administration of a selective inhibitor of neural NO synthase, 7-Nitroindazole (7NI; 50 mg/kg given intraperitoneally); a nonselective NO synthase inhibitor, Ng-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 30 mg/kg given intravenously); L-arginine (300 mg/kg given intravenously) followed by 7NI (50 mg/kg given intraperitoneally); or vehicle. RESULTS: The 7NI and L-NAME, but not the vehicle, attenuated the EW-evoked response (maximally by 78% and 83%, respectively), and this effect lasted for at least 1 hour. Pretreatment with L-arginine abolished this effect of 7NI. Resting ChBF was reduced and systemic blood pressure was increased after L-NAME administration, but both were unchanged after 7NI or vehicle were administered. CONCLUSIONS: Neurally derived NO is responsible for a major component of the ChBF increase caused by EW stimulation in pigeons. This represents the first demonstration in vivo that neuronally produced NO is an important factor in the control of ChBF by the parasympathetic nervous system. In particular, neuronally produced NO appears to play a role in rapid upregulation of ChBF in the pigeon, whereas endothelially produced NO plays a major role in control of resting ChBF.. EC 1.14.13.39; 0; 0; 10102-43-9; 2942-42-9; 50903-99-6; 7004-12-8.
163. Zhou, W.; Jones, S. W. The effects of external pH on calcium channel currents in bullfrog sympathetic neurons. Biophys-J. 1996 Mar; 70(3): 1326-34; ISSN: 0006-3495.
UNITED-STATES. We have investigated the effects of external pH (pHo) on whole-cell calcium channel currents in bullfrog sympathetic neurons. The peak inward current increased at alkaline pHo and decreased at acidic pHo. We used tail currents to distinguish effects of pHo on channel gating and permeation. There were large shifts in the voltage dependence of channel activation (approximately 40 mV between pHo and 9.0 and pHo 5.6), which could be explained by binding of H+ to surface charge according to Gouy-Chapman theory. To examine the effects of pHo on permeation, we measured tail currents at 0 mV, following steps to + 120 mV to maximally activate the channels. Unlike most previous studies, we found only a approximately 10% reduction in channel conductance from pHo 9.0 to pHo 6.4, despite a approximately 25 mV shift of channel activation. At lower pHo the channel conductance did decrease, which could be described by binding of H+ to a site with pKa = 5.1. In some cells, there was a separate slow decrease in conductance at low pHo, possibly because of changes in internal pH. These results suggest that changes in current at pHo > 6.4 result primarily from a shift in the voltage dependence of channel activation. A H(+)-binding site can explain a rapid decrease in channel conductance at lower pHo. The surface charge affecting gating has little effect on the local ion concentration near the pore, or on the channel conductance.. 0.
164. Zimmern, P. E.; Tanelian, D. Re: Urological symptomatology in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy [letter]. J-Urol. 1996 Nov; 156(5): 1782-3; ISSN: 0022-5347.
UNITED-STATES.
165. Zuurmond, W. W.; Langendijk, P. N.; Bezemer, P. D.; Brink, H. E.; de Lange, J. J.; van loenen, A. C. Treatment of acute reflex sympathetic dystrophy with DMSO 50% in a fatty cream. Acta-Anaesthesiol-Scand. 1996 Mar; 40(3): 364-7; ISSN: 0001-5172.
DENMARK. Acute Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (acute RSD) was defined using a reproducible classification. Elevated temperature of the affected extremity ("calor"), measured by the dorsal side of the observer's hand and mentioned by the patient, pain ("dolor") measured by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), redness ("rubor"), edema ("tumor") and limited active range of motion ("functio laesa"), all contributed to the classification system. Patients scoring 4 to 5 positive symptoms were considered to have acute RSD. A prospective, randomized and double blind study was performed in 32 patients, all suffering from acute RSD. In all of these patients the primary injury was the result of a previous accident. One patient was taken out of the study because of his surgery. The study involved treatment with a fatty cream with 50% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, group A), or without DMSO (placebo, group B), both for 2 months. All patients received physiotherapy applied within pain limits. Application of the creams resulted in both groups in an improvement of RSD-scores and VAS-scores after 2 months. However, the improvement of the RSD score in patients of group A (DMSO-group) was significantly (P < 0.01) better compared to group B. The results suggest a certain activity of DMSO 50% cream in patients suffering from RSD and is, therefore, recommendable.. 0; 0; 0; 0; 67-68-5.